Functional MR imaging beyond structure and inflammation—radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is associated with proteoglycan depletion of the lumbar spine

Abstract

Background To compare the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar intervertebral disks (IVDs) of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and healthy volunteers and to investigate the association of GAG depletion and disease-related clinical and imaging features. Methods Lumbar spines of 50 AS patients (mean age 50 ± 10.5 years) and 30 age-matched volunteers were studied with 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and conventional radiographs (CR). The MRI protocol included high-resolution morphological sequences and the compositional GAG chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging technique (gagCEST). Morphological images were analyzed by three raters for inflammatory activity, fat deposition, disk degeneration, and structural changes on CR. Clinical and serological measures included the Bath AS Disease Activity (BASDAI) and Bath AS Function (BASFI) Indices and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. GagCEST values of both groups were compared using a linear mixed model. Kendall-Tau correlation analyses were performed. Results GagCEST values were significantly lower in AS patients (2.0 ± 1.7%) vs. healthy volunteers (2.4 ± 1.8%), p = 0.001. Small, yet significant correlations were found between gagCEST values and CRP levels (τ = − 0.14, p = 0.007), BASFI (τ = − 0.18, p < 0.001) and presence of syndesmophytes (τ = − 0.17, p = 0.001). No significant correlations were found with BASDAI, inflammation, and fat deposition MRI scores. Conclusions Lumbar spines of r-AS patients undergo significant GAG depletion, independently associated with syndesmophyte formation, functional disability, and increased serological inflammation markers. Beyond establishing a pathophysiological role of the cartilage in AS, these findings suggest that gagCEST imaging may have an adjunct confirmatory role in the assessment of disease-related pathological MRI findings in axial spondyloarthritis. Trial registration 3980 (https://studienregister.med.uni-duesseldorf.de)

Bioinformatics Analysis of Immune Cell Infiltration and Diagnostic Biomarkers between Ankylosing Spondylitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…GSEA using PLAUR as a single gene suggested that KEGG pathways in the two diseases were mostly related to glycosaminoglycan and metabolism. AS patients' lumbar spines have significant glycosaminoglycan depletion [ 65 , 66 ], and sulfated glycosaminoglycans have been identified as a new marker for the diagnosis of IBD [ 67 ].…”