Functional nanomaterials through esterification of cellulose: a review of chemistry and application

Abstract

As the most abundant biopolymer in nature, cellulose has become a fascinating building block for the design of functional nanomaterials. Owing to the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups, cellulose provides a unique platform for the preparation of new materials via versatile chemical modifications. This critical review aims to present the advances about nanomaterials based on cellulose derivatives with the focus on cellulose esters within the last two decades, including the chemistry and application of these nanostructured materials. This review starts with the introduction on first fundamental aspects about diverse esterification techniques used up to now to modify cellulose. The in situ esterification for the isolation of nanocelluloses and diverse post esterification methods of nanocelluloses for the surface functionalization were highlighted in the following description. Various esterification strategies and further nanostructure constructions have been developed aiming to confer specific properties to cellulose esters, extending therefore their feasibility for highly sophisticated applications, which were summarized with respect to the categories of the introduced ester moieties. Thus, this review assembles and emphasizes the state-of-art knowledge of functional nanomaterials derived from diverse esterified cellulose compounds.

Unveiling Modifications of Biomass Polysaccharides during Thermal Treatment in Cholinium Chloride : Lactic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvent

“…Therefore, short residence time is recommended to avoid extensive modification of cellulose fibers preserving their physicochemical properties as much as possible. On the other hand, targeting functional cellulose‐based materials with lactic acid (or other organic counterparts) could be an interesting approach [56] by using DES treatment with longer residence times. Nevertheless, data regarding the mechanical properties of those cellulose fibers are required to ascertain a successful application.…”

Thiol-Affinity Immobilization of Casein-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Polymeric Membranes for Biofouling Control

“…As pH increase to 6, the range broadened. The baseline CA membrane (M1) was negatively charged because it was made of cellulose acetate, of which the negative-charged acetyl group is the major functional group [51]. Then the pH value increased above 6, and the results showed that M1b presented a less negative surface charge as compared to M1, which might have been due to the presence of epoxide groups on polyGMA.…”

<p>Surface-Modified Nanocellulose for Application in Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine: A Review</p>

“…46 Several works demonstrated how reacting CNCs with carboxylic acid halides or anhydrides is possible to create ester linkages. 47 However, this approach usually does not allow for reactions in water suspension and it requires dispersion of CNCs into anhydrous and non-protic organic solvents such as acetonitrile, acetone or DMF. In 2015, Galkina et al investigated the esterification of NFC with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), in the presence of sodium hypophosphite (SHP) acting as a base, followed by the attachment with TiO 2 ( Figure 5).…”