Functional reorganization after hemispherectomy in humans and animal models: What can we learn about the brain’s resilience to extensive unilateral lesions?

Sebastianelli, Luca; Versace, Viviana; Taylor, Alexandra; Brigo, Francesco; Nothdurfter, Wolfgang; Saltuari, Leopold; Trinka, Eugen; Nardone, Raffaele

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.005

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…This data indicates that in CP patients, ipsilaterally projecting fibers are not likely due to spinal collaterals of contralateral fibers, but rather from ipsilateral cortico-fugal projections originating from the ipsilateral motor and supplementary motor cortices. The functional relevance of ipsilaterally projecting motor fibers in CP patients was further investigated in subjects with intractable epilepsy who undergo hemispherectomy (HS) to disconnect the damaged hemisphere (extensively reviewed in [80]). Cortical stimulation of the undamaged hemisphere in CP patients continues to elicit bilateral responses in forearm muscles post-HS similar to pre-surgical responses indicating that these responses are independent of the damaged hemisphere [81, 82].…”

Section: Re-organization Of Motor Cortical Projections In Hemiplegic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Projections: Implication for Motor Recovery

Alawieh

Tomlinson

Adkins

et al. 2017

Transl. Stroke Res.

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Motor impairment is the most common complication after stroke, and recovery of motor function has been shown to be dependent on the extent of lesion in the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (iCST) and activity within ipsilesional primary and secondary motor cortices. However, work from neuroimaging research has suggested a role of the contralesional hemisphere in promoting recovery after stroke potentially through the ipsilateral uncrossed CST fibers descending to ipsilateral spinal segments. These ipsilateral fibers, sometimes referred to as “latent” projections, are thought to contribute to motor recovery independent of the crossed CST. The aim of this paper is to evaluate using cumulative evidence from animal models and human patients on whether an uncrossed CST component is present in mammals and conserved through primates and humans, and whether iCST fibers have a functional role in hemiparetic/hemiplegic human conditions. This review highlights that an ipsilateral uncrossed CST exists in human during development, but the evidence on a functionally relevant iCST component in adult humans is still elusive. In addition, this review argues that whereas activity within the ipsilesional cortex is essential for enhancing motor recovery after stroke, the role of iCST projections specifically is still controversial. Finally, conclusions from current literature emphasize the importance of activity in the ipsilesional cortex and the integrity of crossed CST fibers as major determinants of motor recovery after brain injury.

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Section: Re-organization Of Motor Cortical Projections In Hemiplegic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Projections: Implication for Motor Recovery

Alawieh

Tomlinson

Adkins

et al. 2017

Transl. Stroke Res.

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show abstract

“…On the other hand, there is a report that the success rate of RT 14 days after motor cortex injury was 25% [23]. Also, some studies reported an extraordinarily high level of brain plasticity following experimental perturbation [30,31]. The effect of more active exercise has been reported to activate and compensate for the cerebral cortex [9,10] and brain function on the non-impaired side [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A parsimonious laboratory system for the evaluation of rat reaching task: recovery from the massive destruction of motor areas

Manaka¹,

Horikoshi²,

Imamura³

2021

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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The rat reaching task is one of the best paradigms from behavioral study of upper limb movements. Rats are trained to reach and grab a pellet by extending their hand through a vertical slit. A few conventional imaging systems specific for the rat reaching task are commercially available with a high installation cost. Based on image analysis of video recordings obtained during the reaching task, we, herewith, developed a new, low-cost laboratory system that can be used for the quantitative analysis of ten basic forearm movements, in contrast to subjective assessments used in previous studies. We quantified images of the pronated and supinated palm and the accuracy and speed of reaching the target. Applying this newly developed method, we compared the forearm movements during the reaching task before and after a massive anatomical lesion of the sensorimotor cortex performed by tissue aspiration. We also wanted to investigate the recovery of upper limb function possibly induced by repeating the task for a relatively short term of a few weeks. In the experiment, 7 injured groups and 3 control groups were used. We found characteristic abnormalities of the forearm movements and a significant recovery in the success rate of grasping the target pellet. The present results demonstrate that our method is straightforward for the quantitative evaluation of forearm movements during the reaching task primarily controlled by the sensorimotor cortex.

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“…Evidence of compensation in several brain functions has also been reported after complete hemispherectomy, both in children [113] and in adults [114], highlighting the considerable brain ability to reorganize and rewire the cortex in order to cope with such an extensive lesion, especially early in life.…”

Section: Neural Plasticity and Compensatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Overview of the Cerebellar Function in Anticipatory Postural Adjustments and of the Compensatory Mechanisms Developing in Neural Dysfunctions

et al. 2020

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This review aims to highlight the important contribution of the cerebellum in the Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs). These are unconscious muscular activities, accompanying every voluntary movement, which are crucial for optimizing motor performance by contrasting any destabilization of the whole body and of each single segment. Moreover, APAs are deeply involved in initiating the displacement of the center of mass in whole-body reaching movements or when starting gait. Here we present literature that illustrates how the peculiar abilities of the cerebellum i) to predict, and contrast in advance, the upcoming mechanical events; ii) to adapt motor outputs to the mechanical context, and iii) to control the temporal relationship between task-relevant events, are all exploited in the APA control. Moreover, recent papers are discussed which underline the key role of cerebellum ontogenesis in the correct maturation of APAs. Finally, on the basis of a survey of animal and human studies about cortical and subcortical compensatory processes that follow brain lesions, we propose a candidate neural network that could compensate for cerebellar deficits and suggest how to verify such a hypothesis.

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Functional reorganization after hemispherectomy in humans and animal models: What can we learn about the brain’s resilience to extensive unilateral lesions?

Cited by 22 publications

References 111 publications

Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Projections: Implication for Motor Recovery

Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Projections: Implication for Motor Recovery

A parsimonious laboratory system for the evaluation of rat reaching task: recovery from the massive destruction of motor areas

Overview of the Cerebellar Function in Anticipatory Postural Adjustments and of the Compensatory Mechanisms Developing in Neural Dysfunctions

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