Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas

Nachev, Parashkev; Kennard, Christopher; Husain, Masud

doi:10.1038/nrn2478

Cited by 1,601 publications

(1,308 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Under this hypothesis, this purported “brain state” setting role – effectively a dynamic reconfiguring of brain network architecture appropriate to task demands12 – would include not just the enlistment of task appropriate regions, but also the disengagement of task‐antagonistic or task‐irrelevant regions. Such a role for the superior medial frontal region is also suggested by research in healthy controls and in clinical populations,40 where lesions in this area are associated with deficits in the voluntary over‐riding of automatic responses41 and, in extreme cases, a lack of spontaneous, goal directed behavior 42…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of reduced network flexibility

Tailby

Kowalczyk

Jackson

2017

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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ObjectiveThe dominant model of cognitive impairment in focal epilepsy has emphasised structural bases for cognitive deficits. Current theories of cognition in the healthy brain emphasise the importance of the reweighting of brain network interactions in support of task performance. Here, we explore the hypothesis that cognitive deficits in epilepsy arise through abnormalities of dynamic functional network interactions.MethodWe studied 19 healthy controls and 37 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, using a behavioural measure of verbal fluency (the Controlled Oral Word Association Test) and an fMRI verbal fluency paradigm (Orthographic Lexical Retrieval).ResultsBehaviourally, verbal fluency was significantly impaired in TLE. Psychophysiological interaction analyses of the fMRI data, which capture state‐dependent changes in network connectivity, revealed reduced task‐dependent modulations of connectivity from left superior medial frontal cortex to left middle frontal gyrus in TLE patients. Individual differences in verbal fluency among TLE cases was correlated with task‐dependent changes in connectivity from left posterior cingulate to left superior medial frontal cortex, and from left superior medial frontal cortex to a range of right predominant brain areas.InterpretationThese data reveal that the typical pattern of task‐driven shifts in network connectivity is not observed in TLE. Our observations go beyond simple structure‐function associations and suggest that failure of network flexibility can be an important contributor to cognitive impairment in epilepsy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of reduced network flexibility

Tailby

Kowalczyk

Jackson

2017

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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“…This region has also been repeatedly shown to be abnormal in SCZ (McGuire et al, 1995;Honey et al, 2005;Exner et al, 2006). Although this region is in general implicated in the planning of motor actions, recent research indicates more diverse roles, eg, linking cognition to action (Nachev et al, 2008). It also forms part of the network of regions in the cognitive dysmetria model of SCZ where dysfunction, or disconnection, between corticothalamic-cerebellar regions are postulated to contribute to the abnormal coordination of mental processing underlying features of the disorder (Andreasen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a microRNA MIR137 Susceptibility Variant on Brain Function in People at High Genetic Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder

Whalley

Papmeyer

Romaniuk

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A recent 'mega-analysis' combining genome-wide association study data from over 40 000 individuals identified novel genetic loci associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) at genome-wide significance level. The strongest finding was a locus within an intron of a putative primary transcript for microRNA MIR137. In the current study, we examine the impact of variation at this locus (rs1625579, G/T; where T is the common and presumed risk allele) on brain activation during a sentence completion task that differentiates individuals with SCZ, bipolar disorder (BD), and their relatives from controls. We examined three groups of individuals performing a sentence completion paradigm: (i) individuals at high genetic risk of SCZ (n ¼ 44), (ii) individuals at high genetic risk of BD (n ¼ 90), and (iii) healthy controls (n ¼ 81) in order to test the hypothesis that genotype at rs1625579 would influence brain activation. Genotype groups were assigned as 'RISKÀ' for GT and GG individuals, and 'RISK + ' for TT homozygotes. The main effect of genotype was significantly greater activation in the RISKÀ individuals in the posterior right medial frontal gyrus, BA 6. There was also a significant genotype*group interaction in the left amygdala and left pre/postcentral gyrus. This was due to differences between the controls (where individuals with the RISKÀ genotype showed greater activation than RISK + subjects) and the SCZ high-risk group, where the opposite genotype effect was seen. These results suggest that the newly identified SCZ locus may influence brain activation in a manner that is partly dependent on the presence of existing genetic susceptibility for SCZ.

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“…These regions closely overlap regions within the core network responsible for task set maintenance identified by Dosenbach et al (2006), and one possibility is that they monitor sensorimotor transformations occurring within IPS. pSMA, which is additionally involved with learning and planning complex motor actions (reviewed in Nachev et al, 2008), might also participate in planning the resulting motor response.…”

Section: Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural representation of sensorimotor transformations in a human perceptual decision making network

Erickson

Kayser

2013

NeuroImage

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Humans can quickly engage a neural network to transform complex visual stimuli into a motor response. Activity from a key region within this network, the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), has been associated with evidence accumulation and motor planning, thus implicating it in sensorimotor transformations. If such transformations occur within a brain region, a key and untested prediction is that neural activity reflecting both the parametric amount of evidence available and the timing of motor planning can be independently manipulated. To investigate these ideas, we constructed a dot motion discrimination task in which information about response modality (what to use) and response mapping (how to use it) was provided independently either before or after presentation of a dot motion coherence stimulus whose strength varied across trials. Consistent with our hypothesis, activity within IPS covaried with dot motion coherence during the stimulus phase, and as information necessary for the response was delayed, the peak of IPS activity shifted to the response phase. In contrast, areas such as the motion-sensitive region MT+ and the supplementary motor area demonstrated activity limited to the stimulus and response phases of the task, respectively. These results show that activity in IPS correlates with temporally dissociable representations consistent with both evidence accumulation and motor planning, and suggest that IPS is a core component for sensorimotor transformations within the perceptual decision-making network.© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. IntroductionThe ability to link sensation with action is integral to even the most fundamental of decisions. In humans, a number of studies have identified a frontoparietal network involved in processes during perceptual decisions, including sensory processing, attentional control, evidence accumulation, and motor planning (Heekeren et al., 2008; Kayser et al., 2010a,b;Liu and Pleskac, 2011;Ploran et al., 2007Ploran et al., , 2011Rowe et al., 2010;Ho et al., 2009;Tosoni et al., 2008). Previously we demonstrated that for subjects performing a dot motion discrimination task, this network displays a blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response that varies inversely with motion coherence (Kayser et al., 2010a). Consistent with previous and subsequent findings (e.g., Hebart et al., 2012;Ho et al., 2009;Kayser et al., 2010b), this negative parametric effect matched predictions of a proportional-rate diffusion model for evidence accumulation to a threshold (Palmer et al., 2005;Ratcliff and McKoon, 2008), and linked human brain activity with a computational model of the transformation from stimulus to response.Although this parametric effect is necessary, it is not sufficient to define regions that support such sensorimotor transformations. Human studies, for example, show that areas such as the motion-sensitive region MT+, supplementary motor area (SMA), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) all display this parametric effect. Importantly, results from macaque studies show that ...

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Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas

Cited by 1,601 publications

References 131 publications

Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of reduced network flexibility

Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of reduced network flexibility

Impact of a microRNA MIR137 Susceptibility Variant on Brain Function in People at High Genetic Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder

The neural representation of sensorimotor transformations in a human perceptual decision making network

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