Functional sex differences (`sexual diergism') of central nervous system cholinergic systems, vasopressin, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in mammals: a selective review

Rhodes, Michael E.; Rubín, Robert T.

doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00011-9

Cited by 205 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…Both AVP V1a and V1b receptors have been shown to be more sensitive to some effects of AVP in women than in men [11,36]. In addition, women have markedly lower AVP expression and lower AVP levels due to modulatory actions of oestrogen on the nuclear receptors in cells of the paraventricular nucleus [37]. One may assume that a lower tolerance to changes in AVP levels leads to a stronger effect in women than in men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study

et al. 2012

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Aims/hypothesis Vasopressin plays a role in osmoregulation, glucose homeostasis and inflammation. Therefore, plasma copeptin, the stable C-terminal portion of the precursor of vasopressin, has strong potential as a biomarker for the cardiometabolic syndrome and diabetes. Previous results were contradictory, which may be explained by differences between men and women in responsiveness of the vasopressin system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of copeptin for prediction of future type 2 diabetes in men and women separately. Methods From the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study, 4,063 women and 3,909 men without diabetes at baseline were included. A total of 208 women and 288 men developed diabetes during a median follow-up of 7.7 years. Results In multivariable-adjusted models, we observed a stronger association of copeptin with risk of future diabetes in women (OR 1.49 [95% CI 1.24, 1.79]) than in men (OR 1.01 [95% CI 0.85, 1.19]) (p interaction <0.01). The addition of copeptin to the Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) clinical model improved the discriminative value (C-statistic,+0.007, p00.02) and reclassification (integrated discrimination improvement [IDI] 0 0.004, p<0.01) in women. However, we observed no improvement in men. The additive value of copeptin in women was maintained when other independent predictors, such as glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion (UAE), were included in the model. Conclusions/interpretation The association of plasma copeptin with the risk of developing diabetes was stronger in women than in men. Plasma copeptin alone, and along with existing biomarkers (glucose, hs-CRP and UAE), significantly improved the risk prediction for diabetes in women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study

et al. 2012

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“…Here, we described that KOF, but not KOM, mice show an increase in CRF mRNA expression in the amygdala (Figure 4). Sex differences in HPA axis activation and the prevalence of mood disorders are well documented, 56,57 and evident in both basal circadian rhythm and stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. 56 Our data suggests that Ucn1 and Ucn2 may be involved in mediating some of the sex differences observed in both the corticosterone levels after stress and the compensatory profile of CRF-related mRNA expression in various brain loci.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urocortin-1 and -2 double-deficient mice show robust anxiolytic phenotype and modified serotonergic activity in anxiety circuits

et al. 2009

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The urocortin (Ucn) family of neuropeptides is suggested to be involved in homeostatic coping mechanisms of the central stress response through the activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2). The neuropeptides, Ucn1 and Ucn2, serve as endogenous ligands for the CRFR2, which is highly expressed by the dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons and is suggested to be involved in regulating major component of the central stress response. Here, we describe genetically modified mice in which both Ucn1 and Ucn2 are developmentally deleted. The double knockout mice showed a robust anxiolytic phenotype and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity compared with wild-type mice. The significant reduction in anxiety-like behavior observed in these mice was further enhanced after exposure to acute stress, and was correlated with the levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid measured in brain regions associated with anxiety circuits. Thus, we propose that the Ucn/ CRFR2 serotonergic system has an important role in regulating homeostatic equilibrium under challenge conditions.

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“…However, it might be worthwhile to test the hypothesis of gender differences in the neuroendocrine effects of ELE, potentially leading to differential risk for pathology, in larger samples in the future. Such studies should employ more extensive assessments of HPA axis function using dynamic challenge tests after early adversity, given the known gender differences in HPA regulation and the stress responses (Rhodes and Rubin, 1999).…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that girls are more vulnerable to develop depression after parental loss than boys (Kunugi et al, 1995). Because the neuroendocrine stress response is subject to sex differences (Rhodes and Rubin, 1999), one might speculate that differential disease risk after ELE might be associated with different neuroendocrine consequences of ELE in boys and girls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience

Meinlschmidt

Heim

2005

Psychoneuroendocrinology

141

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SummaryEarly loss experience (ELE) due to death or separation is a major risk factor for the development of several psychiatric and physical disorders in adulthood. Few studies have focused on the effects of ELE on neuroendocrine systems, which might mediate this risk in part. The goal of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol responses to awakening in individuals with and without ELE. A total of 95 healthy college students (29 men, 66 women) completed a questionnaire on ELE and were instructed to collect saliva immediately after awakening and 30 minutes later. Fifty-five of the 95 subjects reported having experienced the separation or divorce of their parents and/or the death of a close relative before the age of 14 years. Subjects with such ELE exhibited decreased salivary cortisol responses to awakening compared to subjects without ELE (net increase: 4.78 nmol/l versus 9.83 nmol/l; t 93 =2.88, p=.005). The effect was most pronounced in individuals who experienced multiple types of ELE, while there were no sex differences. In conclusion, ELE appears to be associated with decreased salivary cortisol responses to awakening. Low cortisol awakening responses are believed to reflect altered dynamics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, possibly conferring risk for certain stress-related disorders.[200 words]

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Functional sex differences (`sexual diergism') of central nervous system cholinergic systems, vasopressin, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in mammals: a selective review

Cited by 205 publications

References 171 publications

Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study

Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study

Urocortin-1 and -2 double-deficient mice show robust anxiolytic phenotype and modified serotonergic activity in anxiety circuits

Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience

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