Functionality of porcine skin hydrolysates produced by hydrothermal processing for liposomal delivery system

Abstract

Porcine skin proteins were hydrolyzed using hydrothermal processing (HTP) and fractionated by membrane ultrafiltration (UF) into peptides with different molecular weights (1-10 kDa). The porcine skin hydrolysates (PSHs) were analyzed for their antioxidant, antiaging, and skin permeation properties. Additionally, the PSHs were incorporated into liposomes with different charges to maintain and/or enhance their beneficial effect. The results showed that both HTP and UF-II (1-3 kDa) had significantly high antioxidant and antiaging effects and good skin permeability. Based on the results for PSH-loaded liposomes, the best carrier for incorporating PSHs was a positively charged liposome that had been prepared using positively charged lipid. PSH loaded with positively charged liposomes (PSH/LIP-P) had the following droplet properties: 71.11 nm, 0.208 PDI (polydispersity index), and 38.37 mV. PSH/LIP-P also had an incorporation efficiency of 70.72%, and the liposomes maintained their physical droplet stability during storage. Practical applicationsThe findings of this study highlighted porcine skin hydrolysates (PSH) produced by hydrothermal processing and membrane ultrafiltration with high antioxidant and antiaging effects and good skin permeability. PSH-loaded liposome capsules maintained a small size and high incorporation efficiency for PSH. The PSHs and PSH-loaded liposomes could be tested further for their in vivo functionality as nutraceutical or cosmeceutical ingredients. Hence, the finding could be useful information for developing potential commercial products in the food, cosmetics, and related industries. K E Y W O R D Santiaging effect, antioxidant effect, charged liposome, incorporation, porcine skin hydrolysate | I NTR OD U CTI ONThe functional food and cosmetic markets have grown rapidly over the last decade and are associated with consumer awareness of their roles in preventing disease and promoting health (Khiari, Ndagijimana, & Betti, 2014). Collagen has been widely used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical applications due to its biological and functional properties (Li, Jia, & Yao, 2009;Zeng, Zahng, Adhikari, & Mujumdar, 2013). It is a fibrous insoluble protein that is mostly found in skin, cartilage, and connective tissues; it constitutes up to 30% of all body proteins and is the most abundant animal protein (Johnston, 1990). Recently, there has been interest in collagen with novel biologi- Each approach has advantages and limitations (McClements, 2014(McClements, , 2015. Liposomes are particularly suitable carriers for peptide delivery because they can encapsulate polar, nonpolar, and amphiphilic acids from protein hydrolysates (Mohan et al., 2016). In addition, liposomes can be easily produced from food grade materials; they can trap and release hydrophilic and hydrophobic ingredients and facilitate targeted actions (Jeon, Yoo, & Park, 2015).Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce porcine skin hydrolysates (PSHs) and investigate their antioxidant activity and phy...

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Aging Activities of Porcine By-Product Collagen Hydrolysates Produced by Commercial Proteases: Effect of Hydrolysis and Ultrafiltration

“…The average molecular weight of protein hydrolysates is an important factor that determines their biological properties [19]. Generally, an average fraction with MW < 3 kDa represents a collagen hydrolysate; an average fraction with MW > 50 kDa represents gelatin; and an average fraction with MW > 300 kDa represents collagen [20,21]. The relative molecular weight distribution of the control (pretreatment sample), CH-Alcalase, and CH-Alcalase < 3 kDa is depicted in Figure 4.…”

“…In particular, the content of Gly, Pro, and Glu was much higher in CH-Alcalase < 3 kDa (Gly 218 mg/g, Pro 152 mg/g, and Glu 120 mg/g) than CH-Alcalase (Gly 149 mg/g, Pro 95 mg/g, and Glu 78 mg/g). An increase in the content of these amino acids is strongly related to enhanced antioxidant capabilities [16,20]. Gly and Pro contain hydrophobic amino acid groups, and Glu contains negatively charged amino acid groups.…”

“…Inhibition of tyrosinase, collagenase, and elastase activity was used to verify their in vitro anti-aging effects [20]. The results of the inhibition of tyrosinase, collagenase, and elastase activity of the control, CH-Alcalase, and CH-Alcalase < 3 kDa are summarized (Table 3).…”

Collagen peptide-loaded W1/O single emulsions and W1/O/W2 double emulsions: influence of collagen peptide and salt concentration, dispersed phase fraction and type of hydrophilic emulsifier on droplet stability and encapsulation efficiency

“…2,3 For examples, collagen peptide can be easily used in diverse fields including the food, cosmetics, and biomedical industries because of their bioactivities, such as antihypertensive and antioxidative activities. 1,5 However, these peptides are susceptible to hydrolysis (e.g., protease degradation) under various physiological conditions encountered in the human body. The susceptibility of bioactive peptides to protease degradation is a major drawback, which can shorten the in vivo half-life of the peptide drug and may also lead to undesirable pharmacological reactions and potentially toxic end-products.…”

“…14 Normally, the encapsulation efficiency of active compounds using conventional liposome formulation was around 40-50%, whereas double emulsion system for active compounds has 80-90% encapsulation efficiency. 5 Therefore, in this study, water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions are explored as an alternative encapsulation technique for the delivery of water-soluble compounds (e.g., bioactive peptides) to enhance their utilization for human health promotion.…”