Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes in Polystyrene and Properties of Their Composites: A Review

Abstract

The inherent π–π interfacial interaction between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polystyrene (PS) makes the CNT/PS composite a representative thermoplastic nanocomposite. However, the strong van der Waals force among CNTs poses challenges to achieving effective dispersion. This review provides an overview of various CNT functionalization methods for CNT/PS composites, encompassing covalent grafting with PS-related polymers and non-covalent modification. A focus in this section involves the pre-introduction surface modification of CNTs with PS or PS-related polymers, substantially enhancing both CNT dispersibility and interfacial compatibility within the PS matrix. Furthermore, a comprehensive summary of the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and electromagnetic shielding properties of CNT/PS nanocomposites is provided, offering an overall understanding of this material. The surface modification methods of CNTs reviewed in this paper can be extended to carbon material/aromatic polymer composites, assisting researchers in customizing the optimal surface modification methods for CNTs, maximizing their dispersibility, and fully unleashing the various properties of CNTs/polymer composites. Additionally, high-performance CNTs/PS composites prepared using appropriate CNT modification methods have potential applications in areas such as electronic devices, sensors, and energy storage and conversion.

Recent Advances in Bioactive Carbon Nanotubes Based on Polymer Composites for Biosensor Applications

“…A polymer is grown on the surface of a CNT by in situ polymerization of monomers as part of the grafting process from the strategy. [79] This technique results in composites with a high degree of grafting and is both effective and controlled. However, it requires precise control over the amounts of reactants used and the conditions of polymerization.…”

“…In addition, the functionalization process often causes the sidewalls of CNTs to develop a number of defects that can negatively impact their mechanical properties and potentially disrupt the electron system. Another approach to CNT functionalization is plasma treatment, [79,80] an environmentally friendly method to directly provide CNTs with many functional groups. In particular, nitrogen-containing gasses (such as NH 3 or mixtures of NH 3 with N 2 or N 2 /H 2 ) are used for functionalization with amine groups.…”