Functionalization of Graphene by π–π Stacking with C60/C70/Sc3N@C80 Fullerene Derivatives for Supercapacitor Electrode Materials

Abstract

Non-covalent modification of graphene is one of the strategies used for enhancing its energy storage properties. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a series of fullerene derivatives that are capable of assembly on graphene sheets by π–π stacking interactions. Newly synthesized graphene-fullerene hybrid nanomaterials were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. In order to determine the specific capacitance of obtained electrode materials galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements were performed. The obtained results allowed the determination of which fullerene core and type of substituent introduced on its surface can increase the capacitance of resulting electrode. Benefiting from introduced fullerene derivative molecules, graphene with naphthalene functionalized C70 fullerene showed specific capacitance enhanced by as much as 15% compared to the starting material.

Kinetics of Metallofullerenol Reactions with the Products of Water Radiolysis: Implications for Radiotherapeutics

“…42 Nitrogen atoms bound to scandium were observed as a peak centered at 395.9 eV. 42,43 The intensity ratio of Sc and N determined from the XPS spectrum was found to be 3.3:1, a value close to the theoretical value for the Sc 3 N molecule.…”

“…Similarly, partial XPS spectra of the C1 and O1 regions registered for the Sc 3 N@C 80 (OH) 18 sample (see Figure S5) revealed the presence of oxygen and carbon atoms associated with the OH groups of the fullerene surface with binding energies of 285.9 and 532.1 eV, respectively. Important insights were provided by the results registered for the Sc2p and N1s regions of the spectrum (Figure ) with clear signals coming from Sc 3 N. Scandium atoms were observed as two doublets coming from Sc2p 3/2 and Sc2p 1/2 atoms, centered on 405.0/400.4 and 407.0/402.6 eV, with spin–orbit components spaced by 4.4–4.6 eV, which is in good agreement with values reported for similar scandium structures . Nitrogen atoms bound to scandium were observed as a peak centered at 395.9 eV. , The intensity ratio of Sc and N determined from the XPS spectrum was found to be 3.3:1, a value close to the theoretical value for the Sc 3 N molecule.…”

“…This doublet shows the expected 1.4 eV spin–orbit splitting and the ratio of the components close to theoretical 4:3. Corresponding nitrogen atoms were observed at 396.3 eV, which is a value close to the reported value for nitrogen atoms of trimetal nitride fullerene …”

“…Corresponding nitrogen atoms were observed at 396.3 eV, which is a value close to the reported value for nitrogen atoms of trimetal nitride fullerene. 42 XPS results allowed us to conclude that all obtained MFs are covered with hydroxy groups and have their corresponding metal atoms enclosed in a C 80 /C 82 fullerene cage. Lack of higher binding energy carbon atoms as well as low sodium content proved the high purity of synthesized MFs.…”

Carbon Nanomaterials Based Supercapacitors: Recent Trends

“…Using the stacking interactions of graphene with aromatic rings of functionalized fullerenes created and produced several unique graphene-based nanomaterials. To assure strong contacts and stable assembly of fullerenes on the surface of graphene, C60, C70, and Sc3N@C80 fullerene derivatives containing biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, or pyrene moieties were produced [45]. Graphene coated with bisnaphthalene C 70 fullerene malonate (G-BN7) revealed a 15% higher capacitance than graphene before modification, with a specific capacitance value of 56.15 F/g.…”