Functionalization of Graphene Derivatives with Conducting Polymers and Their Applications in Uric Acid Detection

Abstract

In this article, we review recent progress concerning the development of sensorial platforms based on graphene derivatives and conducting polymers (CPs), alternatively deposited or co-deposited on the working electrode (usually a glassy carbon electrode; GCE) using a simple potentiostatic method (often cyclic voltammetry; CV), possibly followed by the deposition of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the electrode surface (ES). These materials have been successfully used to detect an extended range of biomolecules of clinical interest, such as uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), adenine, guanine, and others. The most common method is electrochemical synthesis. In the composites, which are often combined with metallic NPs, the interaction between the graphene derivatives—including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), or graphene quantum dots (GQDs)—and the CPs is usually governed by non-covalent functionalization through π–π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals (VW) forces. The functionalization of GO, RGO, or GQDs with CPs has been shown to speed up electron transfer during the oxidation process, thus improving the electrochemical response of the resulting sensor. The oxidation mechanism behind the electrochemical response of the sensor seems to involve a partial charge transfer (CT) from the analytes to graphene derivatives, due to the overlapping of π orbitals.

Chemiresistors Based on Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained from Graphene and Conducting Polymers with Potential Use in Breath Methane Detection Associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

“…In the last 15 years, various types of sensors have been developed, starting from the simplest ones, e.g., for humidity [26,27], temperature [28], gas detection [29][30][31][32][33], including waste gas evaluation [34] or other types of chemical sensors [35,36]; continuing with biosensors with different applications for the detection of dopamine, serotonin, cholesterol, bilirubin, uric acid, etc. [37][38][39][40][41][42]; dedicated sensors for environmental monitoring by the detection of pollutants in water, including heavy ions [43,44]; finalizing with food and drug analyses [45,46]. The second main application of the hybrid structures obtained from graphene and conducting polymers, occurring mainly in the last 10 years, is related to photovoltaic energy generation and energy storage applications/supercapacitors [47][48][49] as well as other photocatalytic applications [50].…”

Gold Nanoparticles and Surfactant-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection and Electroanalysis of the Anticancer Drug Oxoplatin

“…[3][4][5] Electrodes modified with nanomaterials signify a major force behind the adoption of various electrochemical methodologies and techniques as nanoparticles exhibit unique catalytic properties that increase the electron transfer rate. [6][7][8][9][10][11] These catalytic properties of the nano modifiers intensify the current intensity and increase the selectivity and sensitivity for the targeted analytes. In comparison to other techniques like spectroscopy and chromatography, electrochemical methods are more affordable, less complicated, and easier to use.…”