Functionalization of graphene sheets by the diazonium chemistry during electrochemical exfoliation of graphite

Ossonon, Benjamin Diby; Bélanger, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.09.063

Cited by 100 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…357 Mildly (electrochemically) oxidized exfoliated graphite has been shown to react with diazonium salts more rapidly during exfoliation than for pre-exfoliated graphene. 358 However, the reaction relies on charge transfer from nanocarbon to organic reagent (similar to reductive CCN functionalization, section 4.3), so further increasing the magnitude of oxidative charge may be expected to decrease the reactivity. The development of the chemistry of oxidative CCNs remains an open topic; successful reagents are likely to require loss of a stable cationic leaving group and may have to act as a nucleophile in their initial state.…”

Section: Reductive Functionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

et al. 2018

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Since the discovery of buckminsterfullerene over 30 years ago, sp 2 -hybridised carbon nanomaterials (including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) have stimulated new science and technology across a huge range of fields. Despite the impressive intrinsic properties, challenges in processing and chemical modification continue to hinder applications. Charged carbon nanomaterials (CCNs), formed via the reduction or oxidation of these carbon nanomaterials, facilitate dissolution, purification, separation, chemical modification, and assembly. This approach provides a compelling alternative to traditional damaging and restrictive liquid phase exfoliation routes. The broad chemistry of CCNs not only provides a versatile and potent means to modify the properties of the parent nanomaterial but also raises interesting scientific issues. This review focuses on the fundamental structural forms: buckminsterfullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and single-layer graphene, describing the generation of their respective charged nanocarbon species, their interactions with solvents, chemical reactivity, specific (opto)electronic properties, and emerging applications. CONTENTS

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Section: Reductive Functionalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

et al. 2018

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“…Greenwood et al used 4‐nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate and 3, 5‐bis‐tert‐butylbenzenediazonium as reactants with electrochemical reduction process which was difficult for controlling and scaling up. Ossonon et al used 2‐aminoanthraquinone as reactant but this process also needed the electrochemical process. Our technique differs from the previous works because graphene was functionalized with cyclohexyl diamine under concentrated sulfuric acid via diazonium reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of graphene treated with cyclohexyl diamine by diazonium reaction on cure kinetics, mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of natural rubber/graphene nanocomposite foam

Charoeythornkhajhornchai

Samthong

Somwangthanaroj

2018

Polymer Composites

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The influence of functionalization of cyclohexyl diamine onto the graphene surface via diazonium reaction on the cure kinetics as well as morphology, mechanical, thermal and physical properties of natural rubber (NR)/graphene nanocomposite foam was investigated. The surface functionalization of graphene was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Without an addition of blowing agent, the vulcanized NR composites containing cyclohexyl amine‐treated graphene showed not obvious different dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets than those containing untreated graphene as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. Although the addition of untreated graphene could accelerate the sulfur vulcanization rate of NR nanocomposite foam due to the high thermal conductivity of graphene particle, and the remaining oxygen functional groups on the surface of graphene, the amines from cyclohexyl diamine on the treated graphene could react with carboxylic and epoxide group on the surface of graphene leading to a reduction of reactive oxygen functional groups on graphene surface and in turn slowed vulcanization rate. The fast vulcanization rate in untreated graphene system led to small bubble size in the NR nanocomposite foams. In contrast, the treated graphene system showed high tensile strength and low thermal expansion coefficient owing to low cell density. Finally, the defect on the graphene surface after functionalization was detected by Raman spectroscopy; this resulted in poor thermal conductivity for the treated graphene composite system. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1766–E1776, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…Materials and reagents:E lectrochemically exfoliated graphene, [87] silicon nanopowder (< 100 nm, MTI Corp.), acetylene black carbon Grafting of binder molecules to Si particles:F or the grafting of the binder molecules to the silicon nanoparticles, the Si powder was hydrogenated (SiÀH) with a2%v/v solution of HF.1 -(Bromoethyl)benzene was grafted to produce Si-A 1 through diazonium chemistry.T he A 1 acts as the initiator for the polymerization of t-BA and ultimately for the formation of polyacrylic acid. Subsequently,the polymerization was performed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of aC u + + catalyst coordinated with aP MDETAl igand under an inert atmosphere.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials and reagents:E lectrochemically exfoliated graphene, [87] (PMDETA, Alfa Aesar), CuCl 2 (Aldrich), CuCl (Aldrich), methylene dichloride (EMD), trifluoroacetic acid (99 %v/v,A lfa Aesar), KBr (Alfa Aesar), PAA (average MW = 25 000 gmol À1 ,A ldrich), PAN( Sigma-Aldrich, MW = 150 000 gmol À1 ), PVDF (Sigma-Aldrich, MW = 180 000 gmol À1 ), Na-CMC (Sigma-Aldrich, MW = 250 000 gmol À1 ,d egree of substitution 0.7), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP,A lfa Aesar), and lithium foil (> 99.9 %p urity,A lfa Aesar) were used as received. All solutions and subsequent dilutions were performed with deionized water (Barnstead Nanopure II).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the Formulations of Silicon‐Based Composite Anodes on their Mechanical, Storage, and Electrochemical Properties

Assresahegn

Bélanger

2017

ChemSusChem

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In this work, the effects of the formulation of silicon-based composite anodes on their mechanical, storage, and electrochemical properties were investigated. The electrode formulation was changed through the use of hydrogenated or modified (through the covalent attachment of a binding additive such as polyacrylic acid) silicon and acetylene black or graphene sheets as conducting additives. A composite anode with a covalently grafted binder had the highest elongation without breakages and strong adhesion to the current collector. These mechanical properties depend significantly on the conductive carbon additive used and the use of graphene sheets instead of acetylene black can improve elongation and adhesion significantly. After 180 days of storage under ambient conditions, the electronic conductivity and discharge capacity of the modified silicon electrode showed much smaller decreases in these properties than those of the hydrogenated silicon composite electrode, indicating that the modification can result in passivation and a constant composition of the active material. Moreover, the composite Si anode has a high packing density. Consequently, thin-film electrodes with very high material loadings can be prepared without decreased electrochemical performance.

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Functionalization of graphene sheets by the diazonium chemistry during electrochemical exfoliation of graphite

Cited by 100 publications

References 99 publications

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Effect of graphene treated with cyclohexyl diamine by diazonium reaction on cure kinetics, mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of natural rubber/graphene nanocomposite foam

Effects of the Formulations of Silicon‐Based Composite Anodes on their Mechanical, Storage, and Electrochemical Properties

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