Functionalized carbon black in epoxy composites: effect of single- and dual-matrix systems

Surface modification of commercial carbon black by silane coupling agents for improving dispersibility in rubber compounds

“…In this investigation, four distinct oxidation methods were employed to enhance the functional groups, specifically hydroxyl (OH) and carboxyl (COOH), on the surface of commercial CB. The operational details of the oxidation methods are summarized in Table 1, and the assigned labels for the corresponding samples are detailed accordingly. Method 1: Reflux at 90°C in concentrated HNO3, as per the methodology described by Phua et al 8 Method 2: Reflux at 65°C in a 3:1 volume ratio solution of concentrated HNO3 to concentrated H2SO4, following the procedure outlined by Zappielo et al 4 Method 3: Treatment in a solution of citric acid monohydrate and distilled water under ultrasonic vibration (Sono Swiss, Switzerland, 280 W, and 50/60 Hz), as per the protocol established by Poh et al 29 Method 4: Treatment in a solution of maleic acid and distilled water under ultrasonic vibration (Sono Swiss, Switzerland, 280 W, and 50/60 Hz), following the method delineated by Asokan et al 5 …”

“…So, altering the surface chemistry and energy of CB is necessary to improve the dispersion of this nanomaterial in matrix, that is, polymer matrix, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties. 3,4,[6][7][8][9] Different techniques have been made to modify through grafting functional groups on the CB surface including, oxidation, 4,7,10-14 using surfactants, 10,15 polymer grafting, 11 halogenation, 11 thiolation, 11 sulfonation, 11 plasma treatment, 6,16 thermal treatment, 6,17 and using silane coupling agents. 4,7,[11][12][13][14] The surface oxidation methods widely used to introduce oxygen-containing groups (such as hydroxyl, ketone, phenol, ether, and carboxylic acid) on the surface of CB to prepare it for subsequent modification by covalent, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions, and/or to reach better dispersion in the polar media.…”

“…4,7,[11][12][13][14] The surface oxidation methods widely used to introduce oxygen-containing groups (such as hydroxyl, ketone, phenol, ether, and carboxylic acid) on the surface of CB to prepare it for subsequent modification by covalent, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions, and/or to reach better dispersion in the polar media. 3,4,[12][13][14][18][19][20][21] The commonly involved oxidizing reagents are nitric acid, [6][7][8]10,14,[22][23][24][25][26] the mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid, 4,13,20,21,23,27,28 hydrogen peroxide, 3,12,19 citric acid, 29,30 maleic acid, 5 persulfates 31 , and others. Based on the mechanism of silanization reactions, silane-coupling agents should react with hydroxide-rich surfaces to improve the dispersion of a filler into the polymer (rubber) matrix.…”

“…The primary particles of CB exhibit a spherical form and show a tendency to agglomerate, because of van der Waals forces among the CB nanoparticles. So, altering the surface chemistry and energy of CB is necessary to improve the dispersion of this nanomaterial in matrix, that is, polymer matrix, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties 3,4,6–9 . Different techniques have been made to modify through grafting functional groups on the CB surface including, oxidation, 4,7,10–14 using surfactants, 10,15 polymer grafting, 11 halogenation, 11 thiolation, 11 sulfonation, 11 plasma treatment, 6,16 thermal treatment, 6,17 and using silane coupling agents 4,7,11–14 .…”

Development of a Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Functionalized Carbon Black for the Detection of Guanine Released from DNA Hydrolysis

“…Generally, the carbon black surface is difficult to contain negatively charged surface. However, because CB has been treated with strong nitric acid and sulfuric acid when prepared, this may result in many negative electric charges retaining on the treated CB surface including some strong acids (by creating carboxyl (À COOH), hydroxyl (À OH), and carbonyl (À CO) groups) [30,37], which would keep ionization at pH 5.0. So, the negatively charged f-CB film would adsorb more the positive charged guanine and adenine molecules at pH 5.0 to enhance the oxidation signals [38][39].…”