“…From the results, it is also evident that both the models give almost the same results at the macroscale but not at the microscale, as the discrete model predicted the high value of stress concentration at the microscale in the Ni-Al 2 O 3 FGM system. In 2019, Geng and Harrison 48 did the crystal plasticity simulation of the Ti-6Al-4V microstructural FGM system under two boundary conditions, constant stress and uniform strain. In this study, the FGM was developed using one of the additive manufacturing techniques, powder bed fusion.…”