Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

El-Galy, Islam M.; Saleh, Bassiouny; Ahmed, Mahmoud H.

doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1413-4

Cited by 167 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have attracted considerable attention in materials research and the industry because of their gradually changing structure and properties, which makes them exceptionally suited for various applications [1,2]. FGMs can be designed by structure, composition, or morphology with respect to the special requirements of the particular application area ranging from nuclear energy, engineering, optics, aerospace, electronics, and energy conversion applications to biomaterials [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of graded alumina by spark plasma sintering

Bódis

Károly

2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) attract considerable interest in materials science and industry, since their composition or morphology gradually changes along their length, width, or height, which provides new approach for the development of multifunctional materials. In this paper, we studied the fabrication of a gradient microstructure in alumina (Al2O3) by spark plasma sintering (SPS). During the SPS process, the applied asymmetric graphite tool configuration causes a large temperature gradient, which results in a gradually changing morphology in Al2O3 ceramics. The local temperatures were quantitatively measured through extra thermocouples during SPS processes with various asymmetric configurations. In the most asymmetric configuration, a maximum vertical temperature difference of 225 °C was detected within the sample treated at a sintering temperature of 1300 °C and a pressure of 25 MPa applied 200 °C·min−1 heating rate. The microstructure investigations demonstrated the morphology gradient in the ceramic: one part of the Al2O3 exhibited fine, nanostructured morphology with large open and permeable pores, whereas the other part was solid without pores. Our investigations show that a gradient Al2O3 ceramic can be produced with a single-step SPS process, which offers new directions in FGMs research. With an asymmetric sintering configuration and the sintering conditions, the structure of the ceramic, such as porosity, can be designed according to the requirements of the application area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of graded alumina by spark plasma sintering

Bódis

Károly

2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…(1). In [13] and its recursive version [16], the field is represented as a series of J n (k m ρ) and H (1) n (k m ρ), and a fast approach is proposed for computation of the field scattered from arbitrary shaped homogeneous layers.…”

Section: Problem Statement and Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials with continuous variation of material properties along a specific direction are called functionally graded materials (FGMs). Different types of FGMs are produced by processing various conventional materials, and due to their superior physical properties, they are used in a diverse range of applications [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meshless Method for Tm Scattering From Arbitrary Shaped Radially Inhomogeneous Cylinders

Aslanyürek¹,

Gürbüz²

2021

PIER M

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A meshless method for fast solution of the electromagnetic scattering problem related to arbitrary shaped radially inhomogeneous cylinders is proposed. This is an important problem since radially inhomogeneous circular cylinders are common in various engineering applications, and deformations such as notches, grooves, and noncircular holes on such cylinders are required for different purposes. This approach is basically an extension of the previously proposed method, which is based on Fourier series representation of the electric field on boundaries. In the original method, a multilayer cylinder with arbitrary shaped homogeneous layers is considered, and accordingly, the general solution of the cylindrical wave equation in homogeneous medium is used. Here we modify the method by considering the general solution in radially inhomogeneous medium and derive compact expressions for the field.

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“…The requirement of application of FGMs is becoming popular in various fields such as engineering, aerospace, biomedical, optoelectronics, chemical plants, energy sectors, nuclear reactors [22][23][24][25]. Many processing techniques have been developed to produce FGMs, such as powder stacking, spark plasma sintering, centrifugal casting, squeeze casting, solid free form method, and laser cladding [26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on fabrication and characteristics of functionally graded aluminum matrix composites fabricated by centrifugal casting method

2021

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This paper delivers a detailed review of the influence of material and process variables on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological characteristics of functionally graded aluminum matrix composites (FGAMCs) produced by the ex-situ centrifugal casting method from previous studies. Also, the basic principle and classification of centrifugal casting to produce FGAMCs are illustrated. The ceramic reinforcement particles are classified based upon their uses in the processing of FGAMCs through the ex-situ centrifugal casting technique. In addition, using the linear regression model, an effort has been made to optimize the material and process variables to get enhance the mechanical properties. It is seen from the optimization while mold preheating temperature ranges 250–350 °C, centrifugal speed kept between 600 and 1300 rpm, pouring temperature in the range of 740–760 °C having reinforcement particle of 10–15 wt%, with an average particle size of 18–50 µm yield the maximum of hardness and tensile strength. This paper aims to provide direction to future researchers to develop advanced material using this route and thus, to boost technological growth.

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Functionally graded materials classifications and development trends from industrial point of view

Cited by 167 publications

References 162 publications

Fabrication of graded alumina by spark plasma sintering

Fabrication of graded alumina by spark plasma sintering

A Meshless Method for Tm Scattering From Arbitrary Shaped Radially Inhomogeneous Cylinders

A review on fabrication and characteristics of functionally graded aluminum matrix composites fabricated by centrifugal casting method

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