Fundamental and exploratory studies of catalytic steam gasification of carbonaceous materials. Final report, fiscal years 1985--1994

Abstract

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Bench-Top Thermal and Steam Catalytic Cracking of Athabasca Residual Fractions: Attainable Upgrading Levels Correlated with Fraction Properties

“…6 Alkali or earth-alkali metals, in particular, the binary and even ternary combinations of these, proved very interesting for the steam gasification of coals and petroleum cokes via edge recession of the solids. 7 Metal pairs forming eutectic mixtures like K−Ni and K−Ca proved very efficient for steam catalysis, showing a capacity for water dissociation, and, thus, producing the hydrogen for further upgrading reactions using water as a reagent able to substitute relatively expensive hydrogen produced from methane reforming. 7 Catalytic steam cracking (CSC) upgrading processing for heavy oil feedstocks has been recently the subject of an important review by Eletskii and co-workers.…”

“…7 Metal pairs forming eutectic mixtures like K−Ni and K−Ca proved very efficient for steam catalysis, showing a capacity for water dissociation, and, thus, producing the hydrogen for further upgrading reactions using water as a reagent able to substitute relatively expensive hydrogen produced from methane reforming. 7 Catalytic steam cracking (CSC) upgrading processing for heavy oil feedstocks has been recently the subject of an important review by Eletskii and co-workers. 8 Complex occurring parallel reactions for CSC carried out under "low temperature", i.e., <500 °C, have been illustrated with toluene, reporting the occurrence of the ensuing reactions 1−5, which include dealkylation and complete reforming, plus other like coking and disproportionation into xylenes (not included among those listed below) Eletskii review also discussed the continuous CSC processing of heavy hydrocarbons with water-and KNi-dispersed catalyst pair, 8 consisting on a combined effect of thermal cracking and low-temperature steam reforming comprising reactions 6−10 below.…”

“…Monitoring the isotopes of O- and H proved useful for understanding the mechanisms involved in such reactions . Alkali or earth-alkali metals, in particular, the binary and even ternary combinations of these, proved very interesting for the steam gasification of coals and petroleum cokes via edge recession of the solids . Metal pairs forming eutectic mixtures like K–Ni and K–Ca proved very efficient for steam catalysis, showing a capacity for water dissociation, and, thus, producing the hydrogen for further upgrading reactions using water as a reagent able to substitute relatively expensive hydrogen produced from methane reforming .…”