1977
DOI: 10.1109/t-pas.1977.32375
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Fundamental basis for distance relaying with symmetrical components

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Cited by 169 publications
(37 citation statements)
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“…The symmetrical components of voltage (E FB ) at fault point F considering phase B of transmission line X can be expressed as follows [7,8]:…”
Section: Impedance Measured By the Proposed Schemementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The symmetrical components of voltage (E FB ) at fault point F considering phase B of transmission line X can be expressed as follows [7,8]:…”
Section: Impedance Measured By the Proposed Schemementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sampler works in phase-lock with the GPS pulses, with sampling rates ranging from the initial 12 samples per cycle of the early developed devices [13] up to 128 in contemporary ones. A microprocessor receives the sampled data and the GPS time-tags, and calculates the positive-sequence components of all the voltage and current signals using different techniques [1]. In addition to voltage and current measurements, the microprocessor calculates an estimate of the frequency, f , and the rate of change of the frequency, df /dt, using the voltage angle.…”
Section: Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unitsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Because of the presence of FACTS controllers in a fault loop, the voltage and current signals at the relay point will be affected in both the steady state and the transient state. This in turn will affect the performance of existing protection schemes, such as the distance relay which is one of the very widely used methods in transmission line protection [4], [5]. The main principle of this technique is to calculate the impedance between the relay and fault points; the apparent impedance is then compared with the relay trip characteristic to ascertain whether it is an internal or external fault.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%