Fundamental characteristics and application of radiation

Abstract

Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy as waves or particles through space or through a material medium which is able to penetrate various materials and is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Radiation processing can be defined as exposure of materials with high energy radiation to change their physical, chemical, or biological characteristics, to increase their usefulness, and safety purpose, or to reduce their harmful impact on the environment. Ionizing radiation is produced by radioactive decay, nuclear fission, and fusion, by extremely hot objects, and by particle accelerators. The radiation coming from the sun is due to the nuclear fusion; therefore, we are living in a natural radioactive world. Radioactive substances are common sources of ionized radiation that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Alpha rays are the weakest form of radiation and can be stopped by paper. Beta rays are able to pass through paper but not through aluminum. Gamma rays are the strongest radiation. They are able to pass through paper and aluminum, but not through a thick block of lead or concrete. Alpha and beta radiation are the high energy subatomic particles where gamma radiation is a form of high energy electromagnetic waves. This review presents the fundamental introduction of radiation, the three types of radiation, and their applications.

An Overview of Appropriate Medical Practice and Preparedness in Radiation Emergency Response

“…Ionizing radiation is generated by either particles or electromagnetic waves that possess sufficient energy to disengage electrons from atoms or molecules, thus resulting in their ionization [ 10 ]. The extent and type of ionization are contingent upon the energy levels of the particles, rather than their quantity.…”

Assessment of radiation level and potential risk to public living around major hospitals in central and western Bangladesh

“…It creates long-term health effects such as cancer, DNA damage, Cardiovascular disease, Gene mutation, etc. [ [19] , [20] , [21] ]. According to recent scientific articles, CT scans and other radiation-related imaging treatments cause thousands of malignancies and cancer deaths per year in the U.S. population [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Distribution of Electromagnetic Radiation on Television

“…Radiation is the propagation of energy in the form of particles or waves through space or matter (Nanda et al, 2021)]. Radiation can be classified into ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation based on the ability to ionize the material through which it passes (Peter, 2020)].…”