Fundamental Differences in Cell Cycle Deregulation in Human Papillomavirus–Positive and Human Papillomavirus–Negative Head/Neck and Cervical Cancers

Abstract

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with nearly all cervical cancers, 20% to 30% of head and neck cancers (HNC), and other cancers. Because HNCs also arise in HPV-negative patients, this type of cancer provides unique opportunities to define similarities and differences of HPV-positive versus HPVnegative cancers arising in the same tissue.

MMSET is overexpressed in cancers: Link with tumor aggressiveness

“…Thus, we looked for whether MMSET expression could be associated with tumor progression and prognosis. MMSET was significantly overexpressed in oligodendroglioma grade III compared to grade II (P = .009) [11] ( Figure 1) in agreement with previous data [9]; in patients presenting advanced bladder carcinoma (grade II and III) compared to grade I in four independent studies (P = 4E-6, P = .0001, P = .004, P = .008) [19; 43; 44; 45]; in breast carcinoma grades II and III compared to grade I in four independent studies (P = 2.2E-6, P = 9.1E-4, P = .014, P = .017) [46; 47; 48; 49]; in advanced prostate carcinoma grades VII, VIII and IX compared to grade VI (P = 1.4E-4 [50]; in no differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma compared to differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (P = 7.2E-5) [15]; in undifferentiated compared to differentiated head and neck cancer (P = .002) [17]; in undifferentiated compared to differentiated cervical carcinoma [51]; in advanced papillary renal cell carcinoma stages III and IV compared to stages I and II (P = .0039) [52] (Figure 1). Furthermore, as it has been demonstrated in MM, MMSET expression is associated with bad prognostic in others cancers (Figure 2).…”

“…The identification of the targets of MMSET and their role in cell growth and survival will be key to understanding how MMSET is associated with tumor development. MMSET gene expression in oligodendroglioma [9], bladder [19; 43; 44; 45], breast carcinoma [46; 47; 48; 49], prostate carcinoma [50], in hepatocellular carcinoma [15], head and neck cancer [17], cervical carcinoma [51], papillary renal cell carcinoma [52]. MMSET expression in alive patients with head and neck carcinoma, in dead patients with head and neck carcinoma [53], in MM patients with no relapse, in MM patients with relapse [54], in alive and dead patients with MM [54], in prostate carcinoma patients with no recurrence, prostate carcinoma patients with recurrence [50], in alive and dead patients with glioma [55].…”

Identification of an ovarian clear cell carcinoma gene signature that reflects inherent disease biology and the carcinogenic processes

“…A gene set was considered significantly enriched if the nominal P-value was o0.05 (Pyeon et al, 2007). IPA is a commercial application that calculates the association between a particular gene set and known pathways.…”

CD8‐alpha T‐cell infiltration in human papillomavirus‐related oropharyngeal carcinoma correlates with improved patient prognosis

“…[2][3][4][5] The majority of HPVrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) express wild-type TP53, 6,7 which might be involved in the improved response of tumors to treatment. Despite thorough analysis of gene expression profiles of HPV-positive OSCC by several groups, [8][9][10][11] no novel prognostic or predictive biomarker has been identified, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie improved prognosis of HPV-related OSCC are poorly understood.The immune response has an important impact in many HPV-associated tumors and can have either favorable or unfavorable consequences. 12 The importance of the immune response in HPV-related OSCC is less well established.…”

“…9,10 We now report a more detailed qRT-PCR-based analysis of the expression of these immune-related genes and have identified markers that are overexpressed in HPV-positive OSCC. Using immunohistochemical staining, we observed abundant infiltration of CD8þ T cells in the stromal microenvironment of HPVrelated lesions.…”