Fundamental Investigations in Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization: A Trek to New Catalysts

Abstract

Organocatalysis is a powerful tool for polymer synthesis. It has been widely demonstrated that organocatalytic systems enable precise control over polymer microstructure, provide competitively fast reaction rates compared with metal-based catalysts, and effect a broad assortment of polymerization mechanisms. The added value of metal-free polymerizations is that they can be utilized in sensitive applications intolerant to the presence of residual metal-based catalysts. The initial focus of the present dissertation was placed on mechanistic studies in organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters alongside with subsequent development of new organocatalytic systems for ROP. ROPs of this kind can be mediated by a thiourea-based hydrogen-bond donating catalyst and a strong organic base. The two cocatalysts activate the monomer and initiator for the reaction to commence. The question is: how do the four species interact? The binding between thiourea and bases was investigated-an interaction that had not been previously considered. An array of binding constants between thiourea and various bases was obtained. Importantly, the binding constants proved to correlate with the δvalerolactone ROP rate depending upon the base used for the polymerization. The theory paved a way to the assessment of weaker bases in ROP. With the original theory working, a new goal was selected-to investigate the binding between thiourea and weak alkylamine bases. A range of binding constants was measured for various thiourea and alkylamine cocatalyst pairs. The correlation between the binding constants and the rate of L-lactide ROP was non-existent. However, enthalpy and entropy of cocatalyst binding were found to correlate with the L-lactide ROP rate. The more entropically favorable cocatalyst interactions yielded higher rates of L-lactide ROP. Additionally, the enthalpy and entropy of the thiourea-alkylamine binding exhibited enzyme-like compensation behavior similar enzyme-substrate analogues. Kinetic investigations demonstrated that thiourea-alkylamine mediated ROP of L-lactide exhibited a second-order rate dependence in thiourea. This observation prompted us to assess the effect of two thiourea motifs tethered in one molecule on the ROP rate. The new bis-thiourea catalyst provided exquisite control over ROP, yielded well-defined polymers (narrow polydispersities, predictable molecular weights), was able to polymerize a host of cyclic ester monomers, and brought a significant rate acceleration for polymerizations even at small catalyst loadings, compared with monothiourea catalyst. Seeking active and selective H-bonding catalysts, attention was attracted by the widely available triclocarban, formerly used as an antibacterial soap component. Triclocarban contains a urea functionality that renders the compound a potential H-bond donating catalyst. The examination of triclocarban as a ROP catalyst proved its efficiency for hydrogen-bonding ROP of a broad scope of monomers in different solvents. Having the ROP conditions opt...

Report from the Fermilab Proton Intensity Upgrade Central Design Group

“…To accommodate the higher average RF power, some modifications should be done for the input coupler. Designs and tested prototypes already exist for a high power 1.3 GHz coupler [34,35]. For option E6b and E6c, PIP-II CMs would operate with CW RF up through the LB650s.…”