Fundamentals and applications of cryogen as a thermal energy carrier: A critical assessment

Li, Yongliang; Chen, Haisheng; Ding, Yulong

doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.12.012

Cited by 72 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…[34] analyse a combined Rankine cycle with Linde liquefaction process, and report that 43% of the energy can be recovered from liquid air. Power recovery from cryogen via an indirect Rankine cycle is one of four major methods of extraction of cold exergy [35], with the other three being: (a) 'Direct expansion' cycle where pressurised cryogen is supplied with thermal energy from ambient or waste heat sources, and then expanded to extract work; (b) Indirect Brayton cycle where the cryogen cools down the gas at the inlet to a compressor, then the compressed gas is heated further before expansion. Here, the cryogen is used to minimise compression work; (c) Combination of either Rankine cycle with direct expansion or Brayton cycle with direct expansion.…”

Section: Costs and Performance Of Laesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressed air energy storage with liquid air capacity extension

2015

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A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. ABSTRACTAs renewable electricity generation capacity increases, energy storage will be required at larger scales.Compressed air energy storage (CAES) at large scales, with effective management of heat, is recognised to have potential to provide affordable grid-scale energy storage. Where suitable geologies are unavailable, compressed air could be stored in pressurised steel tanks above ground, but this would incur significant storage costs. Liquid air energy storage (LAES), on the other hand, does not need a pressurised storage vessel, can be located almost anywhere, has a relatively large volumetric exergy density at ambient pressure, and has relatively low marginal cost of energy storage capacity even at modest scales. However, it has lower roundtrip efficiency than compressed air energy storage technologies. This paper carries out thermodynamic analyses for an energy storage installation comprising a compressed air component supplemented with a liquid air store, and additional machinery to transform between gaseous air at ambient temperature and high pressure, and liquid air at ambient pressure. A roundtrip efficiency of 42% is obtained for the conversion of compressed air at 50bar to liquid air, and back. The proposed system is more economical than pure LAES and more economical than a pure CAES installation if the storage duration is sufficiently long and if the highpressure air store cannot exploit some large-scale geological feature.

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Section: Costs and Performance Of Laesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressed air energy storage with liquid air capacity extension

2015

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“…5 Investment cost of the storage technology per unit of energy storage capacity. indirect Rankine cycle is one of four major methods of extraction of cold exergy [12], the other three being: (a) 'Direct expansion' cycle where pressurised cryogen is supplied with thermal energy from ambient or waste heat sources, and then expanded to extract work; (b) Indirect Brayton cycle where the cryogen cools down the gas at the inlet to a compressor, then the compressed gas is heated further before expansion. Here, the cryogen is used to minimise compression work; (c) Combination of either Rankine cycle with direct expansion or Brayton cycle with direct expansion.…”

Section: Background On Liquid Air Energy Storage (Laes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid energy storage system based on compressed air and liquid air

Kantharaj

Garvey

Pimm

2015

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

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(2015) Thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid energy storage system based on compressed air and liquid air. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 11 . pp. 159-164. ISSN 2213-1388 Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/45064/1/2015%20B%20Kantharaj%20-%20Thermodynamic %20analysis%20of%20a%20hybrid%20energy%20storage%20system%20based%20on %20compressed%20air%20and%20liquid%20air.pdf The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. AbstractAs renewable electricity generation capacity increases, energy storage will be required at larger scales. Compressed air energy storage at large scales, with effective management of heat, is recognised to have potential to provide affordable grid-scale energy storage. Where suitable geologies are unavailable, compressed air could be stored in pressurised steel tanks above ground, but this would incur significant storage costs. Liquid air energy storage, on the other hand, does not need a pressurised storage vessel, can be located almost anywhere, and has a relatively large volumetric exergy density at ambient pressure. However, it has lower roundtrip efficiency than compressed air energy storage technologies. This paper analyses a hybrid energy store consisting of a compressed air store at ambient temperature, and a liquid air store at ambient pressure. Thermodynamic analyses are then carried out for the conversions from compressed air to liquid air (forward process) and from liquid air to compressed air (reverse process), with notional heat pump and heat engine systems, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that provided the heat pump/heat engine systems are highly efficient, a roundtrip efficiency of 53% can be obtained.Immediate future work will involve the detailed analysis of heat pump and heat engine systems, and the economics of the hybrid energy store. IntroductionIt is almost certain that in the near future, electricity generation from renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, will account for a large portion of the overall generation capacity. Wind power accounted for ~39% of renewable power capacity added worldwide in 2012, followed by ~26% each for solar PV and hydropower [1]. The UK aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 [2]. To alleviate the problems caused by burning of fossil fuels, renewable generation capacity must be increased -and this calls for a secure, sustainable and reliable energy supply system. It is here that energy storage is expected to play a key role.

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“…One of main advantages of the CES technology is its highly efficient heat-to-power conversion in energy extraction process using cryogen itself as the working fluid [32,33]. Due to the constrained working pressure and temperature in steam generators, the thermal efficiency of pressurized water NPPs is only around 30-32%, which is much lower than that of fossil fuel fired power plants [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%