Fundamentals of Empirical Propagation Modeling for Outdoor Scenarios

Abstract

The empirical propagation models are widely used to predict the behavior of radio signals. In this chapter some empirical propagation models for outdoors are reviewed. The objective of the chapter is to understand the mechanisms that impinge radio waves, and the most popular propagation models for outdoors that can be used to calculate a link budget. The three kinds of fading: path loss, shadowing, and fast-fading are described through the chapter. Some statistical concepts required for the shadowing calculation, like Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF), are also explained.