Fundamentals of Interaction of Ionizing Radiations with Chemical, Biochemical, and Pharmaceutical Systems

Schulman, Stephen G.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600621102

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, the effects of expression levels of superoxide dismutases and inhibition of their activities on PC radioresistance remain unknown and unexplored. Additionally, it is well established that free radicals have the capacity to attack and alter many classes of cellular molecules, potentiating the existence of many other vital processes necessary for the survival of irradiated PC cells beyond the DNA damage [343–345]. While the effect of DNA DSBs in IR-induced cell death is without doubt of the utmost importance, it is likely unwise to ignore the effects of IR on other cellular complexities such as the plasma membrane and structural proteins, and thus we suggest these areas as potential fertile grounds for future IR cancer research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer

Seshacharyulu

Baine

Souchek

et al. 2017

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer

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Despite recent advances in radiotherapy, a majority of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC) do not achieve objective responses due to the existence of intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Identification of molecular mechanisms that compromise the efficacy of radiation therapy and targeting these pathways is paramount for improving radiation response in PC patients. In this review, we have summarized molecular mechanisms associated with the radio-resistant phenotype of PC. Briefly, we discuss the reversible and irreversible biological consequences of radiotherapy, such as DNA damage and DNA repair, mechanisms of cancer cell survival and radiation-induced apoptosis following radiotherapy. We further describe various small molecule inhibitors and molecular targeting agents currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies as potential radiosensitizers for PC. Notably, we draw attention towards the confounding effects of cancer stem cells, immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in the context of PC radioresistance and radiosensitization. Finally, we discuss the need for examining selective radioprotectors in light of the emerging evidence on radiation toxicity to non-target tissue associated with PC radiotherapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer

Seshacharyulu

Baine

Souchek

et al. 2017

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer

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“…Therefore, determining exactly where the boundaries of the microbial contribution to the maternal nutritional state lie requires chemically defined rigorously sterilized diets. This is not as straightforward as it sounds, because doses of irradiation that are used to sterilize chemically defined diets also reduce the vitamin availability of the diet through radiochemical effects 28 .…”

Section: Effects Of Intestinal Microbes On Maternal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How nutrition and the maternal microbiota shape the neonatal immune system

2017

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The mucosal surfaces of mammals are densely colonized with microorganisms that are commonly referred to as the commensal microbiota. It is believed that the fetus in utero is sterile and that colonization with microorganisms starts only after birth. Nevertheless, the unborn fetus is exposed to a multitude of metabolites that originate from the commensal microbiota of the mother that reach systemic sites of the maternal body. The intestinal microbiota is strongly personalized and influenced by environmental factors, including nutrition. Members of the maternal microbiota can metabolize dietary components, pharmaceuticals and toxins, which can subsequently be passed to the developing fetus or the breast-feeding neonate. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between nutrition, the maternal microbiota and ingested chemicals, and summarize their effects on immunity in the offspring.

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“…First, in the physical stage, from the onset of radiation up to 10 –15 s, incident radiation directly interacts with solution molecules via inelastic scattering, causing ionized and excited molecules as well as subexcitation electrons to form. Next, between 10 –15 and 10 –12 s, in the physicochemical stage, excited molecules dissipate energy through numerous processes, yielding a set of reactive intermediates. Finally, in the chemical stage, between 10 –12 and 10 –6 s, reactive intermediates formed in the previous stage react with each other and the surrounding solution to yield the primary products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing and Mitigating Radiolytic Damage to Soft Matter in Aqueous Phase Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Presence of Gold Nanoparticle Sensitizers or Isopropanol Scavengers

2021

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In this work, we describe the radiolytic environment experienced by a polymer in water during liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM). We examined the radiolytic environment of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 2400 g/mol) in the presence of sensitizing gold nanoparticles (GNPs, 100 nm) or radical scavenging isopropanol (IPA). To quantify polymer damage, we employed post-mortem analysis via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). This approach confirms IPA (1− 10% w/v) can significantly mitigate radiolysis-induced damage to polymers in water, while GNPs significantly enhance damage. We couple LCTEM experiments with simulations to provide a generalizable strategy for assessing radiolysis mitigation or enhancement. This study highlights the caution required for LCTEM experiments on inorganic nanoparticles where solution phase properties of surrounding organic materials or the solvent itself are under investigation. Furthermore, we anticipate an increased use of scavengers for LCTEM studies of all kinds.

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Fundamentals of Interaction of Ionizing Radiations with Chemical, Biochemical, and Pharmaceutical Systems

Cited by 14 publications

References 79 publications

Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer

Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer

How nutrition and the maternal microbiota shape the neonatal immune system

Enhancing and Mitigating Radiolytic Damage to Soft Matter in Aqueous Phase Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Presence of Gold Nanoparticle Sensitizers or Isopropanol Scavengers

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