Fungal adaptation to the mammalian host: it is a new world, after all

Cooney, Nicole M; Klein, Bruce S.

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.018

Cited by 64 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Directed evolution of microorganisms, such as yeast, to function effectively at higher or lower temperatures is used to make industrial processes, including alcohol fermentation and biofuel production, more efficient (8,9). Adaptation to new thermal niches has also been implicated in the emergence of some fungal pathogens, which must acquire the ability to replicate at the elevated temperatures within warmblooded organisms (e.g., humans) to pose a health risk (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Specificity of genome evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli evolved at different temperatures

Deatherage

Kepner

Bennett

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

121

101

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Isolated populations derived from a common ancestor are expected to diverge genetically and phenotypically as they adapt to different local environments. To examine this process, 30 populations ofEscherichia coliwere evolved for 2,000 generations, with six in each of five different thermal regimes: constant 20 °C, 32 °C, 37 °C, 42 °C, and daily alternations between 32 °C and 42 °C. Here, we sequenced the genomes of one endpoint clone from each population to test whether the history of adaptation in different thermal regimes was evident at the genomic level. The evolved strains had accumulated ∼5.3 mutations, on average, and exhibited distinct signatures of adaptation to the different environments. On average, two strains that evolved under the same regime exhibited ∼17% overlap in which genes were mutated, whereas pairs that evolved under different conditions shared only ∼4%. For example, all six strains evolved at 32 °C had mutations innadR, whereas none of the other 24 strains did. However, a population evolved at 37 °C for an additional 18,000 generations eventually accumulated mutations in the signature genes strongly associated with adaptation to the other temperature regimes. Two mutations that arose in one temperature treatment tended to be beneficial when tested in the others, although less so than in the regime in which they evolved. These findings demonstrate that genomic signatures of adaptation can be highly specific, even with respect to subtle environmental differences, but that this imprint may become obscured over longer timescales as populations continue to change and adapt to the shared features of their environments.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Specificity of genome evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli evolved at different temperatures

Deatherage

Kepner

Bennett

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

121

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The ability of Legionella to survive within human macrophages likely has evolved from the ability to survive within grazing amoeba in the environment. 7 Fungal adaptation to extreme environmental biotic and abiotic stress likely has resulted in the ability to infect human hosts, 8 even in the absence of known virulence factors. 9 Pathogenic fungi or bacteria may enter humans via direct inoculation into wounds.…”

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confidence: 99%

Soil-Related Bacterial and Fungal Infections

Baumgardner

2012

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

104

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A variety of classic and emerging soil-related bacterial and fungal pathogens cause serious human disease that frequently presents in primary care settings. Typically, the growth of these microorganisms is favored by particular soil characteristics and may involve complex life cycles including amoebae or animal hosts. Specific evolved virulence factors or the ability to grow in diverse, sometimes harsh, microenvironments may promote pathogenesis. Infection may occur by direct inoculation or ingestion, ingestion of contaminated food, or inhalation. This narrative review describes the usual presentations and environmental sources of soil-related infections. In addition to tetanus, anthrax, and botulism, soil bacteria may cause gastrointestinal, wound, skin, and respiratory tract diseases that also should be considered, particularly in the case of wound, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal infections. The purpose of this article is to review bacterial and fungal infections for which the source of contact is primarily the soil (eg, Clostridium tetani) or for which soil is an important or emerging secondary site of contact (eg, Legionella). The emphasis of this article will be on the epidemiology of significant soil-related human pathogens and their common disease presentations such that these entities will be considered promptly during relevant patient evaluations. (The reader is referred to recent texts and manuscripts for details regarding unusual presentations and the diagnosis and treatment of these infections and for discussion of superficial soil-related infections, such as dermatophyte infections, which will not be covered here.) Soil MicrobiologySoil 1,3 is a multilayered surface complex of mineral and organic (humus) constituents present in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. The mineral portion of soil results from the actions of weathering and erosion on rock. Broad soil type-sand, silt, or clay-is defined, largest to smallest, by particle size. These particles pack loosely, and pore spaces of varying sizes are formed. Particle surfaces, pore spaces, and plant roots are particular habitats for microorganisms, often in biofilms. Soil also contains plants, animals, carcasses, and man-made materials.The quantity and type of microorganisms in a particular portion of soil are determined by a complex interaction of varying amounts of sunlight, temperature, moisture, soil pH, nutrients, and reThis article was externally peer reviewed.

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“…Furthermore, adherence abilities, molecular mimicry and thermal tolerance are important for various fungi. The crucial virulence factor for fungal opportunists like C. albicans and Penicilium marneffei is their ability to switch the morphology during the transition from a commensal or environmental organism into pathogen (Cooper and Haycocks 2000, Andrianopoulos 2002, Cooney and Klein 2008, Krutkiewicz 2010. Dimorphism is also an important virulence factor of B. dermatitidis, H. capsulatum and C. immitis.…”

Section: Interaction Between the Host And Pathogenic Fungusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two fundamentals of mammalian defense in fungal infections: Endothermy and innate antifungal immunity

Biegańska¹

2014

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The environment of animals is inhabited by enormous fungal species, but only a few hundreds are pathogenic for mammals. Most of potentially pathogenic fungal species, excluding dermatophytes, seldom cause the disease in immunocompetent hosts. Data from literature indicate, that an immune system and endothermy are foundations for this mammalian relative resistance to fungal systemic infections. Stable and high temperature of the body restricts invasion and growth of potentially pathogenic fungi. Together with elevated metabolism it supports the effectiveness of mammalian immunity. The innate immunity is assigned to prevent the invasion of various microbes (including fungi) to the hosts' organism. It consists of cellular receptors and several humoral factors as the Antimicrobial Peptides. If the physical barriers fail in stopping the invader, it is recognized as "alien" by multiple Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) like Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) expressed by cells of innate immunity and/ or C-type lectins. At the same time innate inflammation begins and the complement cascade is activated. These mechanisms are able to stop and clear some fungal infections. During existing infection the adaptive immunity is induced. This review aims to show the role of mammalian endothermy and to point the most important elements of innate antifungal immunity.

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Fungal adaptation to the mammalian host: it is a new world, after all

Cited by 64 publications

References 50 publications

Specificity of genome evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli evolved at different temperatures

Specificity of genome evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli evolved at different temperatures

Soil-Related Bacterial and Fungal Infections

Two fundamentals of mammalian defense in fungal infections: Endothermy and innate antifungal immunity

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