Fungal biofilms in sinonasal polyposis: The role of fungal agents is notable?

First report of invasive Aspergillus rhinosinusitis in a critically ill COVID‐19 patient affected by acute myeloid leukemia, northeastern Iran

“…Unfortunately, in the present study, it was impossible to identify the cause of this infection at the species level due to the loss of the Aspergillus colony. In previous studies in this area, A. flavus was identified as the most common cause of fungal rhinosinusitis 7,8 . This could be due to the presence of most A. flavus spores in the air, which are affected by the climatic conditions of this region 16 .…”

“…Although opportunistic hyaline fungi such as Aspergillus , Penicillium , and Rhizomucor are commonly reported causes of fungal rhinosinusitis, some coenocytic fungi such as Bipolaris , Curvularia , Alternaria , and Neoscytalidium are also have been observed with increasing frequency 7,8,13,14 . Generally, fungal rhinosinusitis is seen in warm and dry climatic conditions, and it is particularly common in young men from rural areas 7,8,15 .…”

“…However, due to the increase in droughts in recent years in some areas and the consequent increase in dust, the disease can increase in other areas as well. In some areas, especially the Middle East, A. flavus is most commonly associated with both chronic invasive and granulomatous Aspergillus rhinosinusitis 7,8 . The precise identification of Aspergillus isolates can lead to successful treatment of patients 1 .…”

“…However, infection severity can vary greatly, depending on the pathogen, the physiologic and immunologic condition of the host and any medical treatment received 1 . IA rhinosinusitis is a rare and life‐threatening opportunistic infection that occurs predominantly in immunocompromised individuals and is caused by various Aspergillus species 7,8 . IA is rarely reported among the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) 9 .…”

Reduction of the Cycle Time in the Biopsies Diagnosis Through a Simulation Based on the Box Müller Algorithm

“…In this present study, the Box-Muller algorithm is used to generate the random numbers of the pathology department because it was identified that they have a normal probability distribution, and in this way variability and uncertainty are incorporated into the analysis. Pathologic reports can confirm or exclude the presence of particular diseases, such as the rule of microbial agents in an infection or check cancers ( 21 – 24 ).…”