Fungal communities associated with Heterodera glycines and their potential in biological control: a current update

Abstract

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most important pest on soybean, a major crop worldwide. The SCN is considered both parasitic and pathogenic as it derives nutrition from the host and manipulates host physiology to do so. Currently, there are no commercially available chemicals that are specific, environmentally safe and cost effective to control SCN levels. Crop rotation, use of host resistance and other cultural practices remain the main management strategies. The need for bioprospecting other methods of controlling SCN is paramount, and fungi show promise in that respect. Several studies have evaluated fungi and fungal products as biocontrol options against plant-parasitic nematodes. This review discusses fungal genera isolated from the SCN with potential for use as biocontrol agents and the effects of their secondary metabolites on various stages of SCN development. The review also summarizes efforts to control SCN using soil amendments that could potentially impact fungal communities in the soil.

Management of potato cyst nematodes with special focus on biological control and trap cropping strategies

“…Among them, Hirsutella spp., obligate parasites of vermiform stages of PPNs, is one of the most exploited groups of endoparasitic fungi. Recently, Haarith et al 28 . reviewed the information on Hirsutella spp.…”

“…30 Owing to its obligate, slow-growing, and limited saprophytic abilities, it is tough to popularize H. rhossiliensis as an efficient biocontrol strategy. 28…”

“…In a glasshouse experiment, soil inoculation with H. rhossiliensis mycelial colonies with a potential spore production of 2.5 × 10 5 g −1 soil resulted in a suppression of PCN root penetration by 51% 30 . Owing to its obligate, slow‐growing, and limited saprophytic abilities, it is tough to popularize H. rhossiliensis as an efficient biocontrol strategy 28 …”

Use of the Glomus etunicatum as biocontrol agent of the soybean cyst nematode

“…Eggs inside cysts can survive in the soil for more than 10 years and produce viable nematodes (J2) under favorable conditions (Haarith et al, 2020). Production losses caused by plant-parasitic nematodes tend to increase due to changes in climate and intensified production systems (Nicol et al, 2011).…”

“…New nematicide alternatives are being studied (Ruanpanun & Chamswarng, 2016;Wesemael et al, 2011). Several organisms have been tested as potential cyst nematode biocontrol agents, including certain fungi and bacteria (Haarith et al, 2020). One of these new nematicide alternatives is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs), which are obligatory symbionts that can protect their hosts against stress factors, such as plant parasitic nematode infections (Schouteden et al, 2015).…”