Fungal Community Composition and Function Associated with Loose Smokeless Tobacco Products

Sajid, Mohammad; Srivastava, Sonal; Yadav, Ravi Kumar; Joshi, Lata; Bharadwaj, Mausumi

doi:10.1007/s00284-023-03237-9

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The moisture content is another product characteristic that is regulated by the manufacturer. High moisture content favours the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi and viruses 19 26 27 . The presence of microorganisms and their metabolic activities has been linked to the conversion of nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids to highly carcinogenic TSNAs by nitrosation reaction 28 29 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of physiochemical parameters & their effect on microbial content of smokeless tobacco products marketed in north India

Shahid,

Srivastava,

Shukla

et al. 2023

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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Background & objectives: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) product consumption has profound public health implications for its users. The pH and moisture of SLTs determine the bioavailability of nicotine, the microbial structure dynamics and the amount of microbial conversion of tobacco alkaloids to carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines. This study aimed to characterize and compare the pH, moisture and alkaloid content of various SLT products. Methods: Thirty-seven SLT samples including khaini, snus, moist snuff, gul, pan masala, zarda, Mainpuri kapoori and qiwam were collected from the retail market around the National Capital Region in north India and their pH, moisture, nicotine and alkaloid content were measured. The pH and total nicotine were used to calculate the amount of free nicotine, the readily absorbed form, for each product by applying the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. Results: The investigation showed that the SLTs varied drastically in their pH (5.36 to 10.27), moisture content (4.7 to 51.7%) and alkaloid content (0.82 to 35.87 mg/g). The pH and free nicotine levels of a product were found to be positively correlated, and the highest free nicotine content was reported in snus samples. Further, the moisture content was seen to impact the bacterial and fungal diversity in these samples. Interpretation & conclusions: Studies to detect the presence of pathogenic microbiological genera as well as potentially toxic constituents are warranted. The use of SLTs as an alternative to cigarette smoking should be discouraged, and cessation programmes must call attention to their detrimental effects and emphasize on benefits of quitting SLT consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of physiochemical parameters & their effect on microbial content of smokeless tobacco products marketed in north India

Shahid,

Srivastava,

Shukla

et al. 2023

Indian Journal of Medical Research

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“…Two commercial/branded moist STPs, Moist-snuff (MS) and Qiwam (Q), and three loose STPs, Dohra (DH), Mainpuri Kapoori (MK), and Gudakhu (GD), were examined . A probability sampling was done as per our previous observations in which MS, Q, MK, and DH products showed a complex microbial community based on 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA targeted sequencing whereas the GD product was randomly selected for the study (Sajid et al 2021 ; Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ). The STPs were kept at −20°C, and genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated by Power-Soil DNA extraction kit according to the procedure specified by the supplier (Qiagen, Germantown, MD).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies conducted on STPs have largely employed culture-based methods that may have skewed data results and inaccurately depicted community diversity estimates (Saleem et al 2018 ; Shetty and Hegde 2015 ). Recent studies using next-generation sequencing techniques identified actual microbial community composition (bacterial as well as fungal) in different categories of STPs (Chopyk et al 2017 ; Rivera and Tyx 2021 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ). Several studies applying 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing determined the bacterial population in numerous Indian STPs (Monika et al 2020 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies applying 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing determined the bacterial population in numerous Indian STPs (Monika et al 2020 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ). Further, the fungal population was identified in the commercial as well as indigenous (loosely sold) Indian STPs using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene analysis (Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial community and functions involved in smokeless tobacco product: a metagenomic approach

Sajid,

Sharma,

Srivastava

et al. 2024

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) are attributed to oral cancer and oral pathologies in their users. STP-associated cancer induction is driven by carcinogenic compounds including tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). The TSNAs synthesis could enhanced due to the metabolic activity (nitrate metabolism) of the microbial populations residing in STPs, but identifying microbial functions linked to the TSNAs synthesis remains unexplored. Here, we rendered the first report of shotgun metagenomic sequencing to comprehensively determine the genes of all microorganisms residing in the Indian STPs belonging to two commercial (Moist-snuff and Qiwam) and three loose (Mainpuri Kapoori, Dohra, and Gudakhu) STPs, specifically consumed in India. Further, the level of nicotine, TSNAs, mycotoxins, and toxic metals were determined to relate their presence with microbial activity. The microbial population majorly belongs to bacteria with three dominant phyla including Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Furthermore, the STP-linked microbiome displayed several functional genes associated with nitrogen metabolism and antibiotic resistance. The chemical analysis revealed that the Mainpuri Kapoori product contained a high concentration of ochratoxins-A whereas TSNAs and Zink (Zn) quantities were high in the Moist-snuff, Mainpuri Kapoori, and Gudakhu products. Hence, our observations will help in attributing the functional potential of STP-associated microbiome and in the implementation of cessation strategies against STPs. Key points •Smokeless tobacco contains microbes that can assist TSNA synthesis. •Antibiotic resistance genes present in smokeless tobacco-associated bacteria. •Pathogens in STPs can cause infections in smokeless tobacco users.

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“…The richness of bacterial community on the surface of tobacco leaves was higher than that of fungal community. Aspergillus , Phoma , Alternaria and Cladosporium are the main fungal groups in tobacco (Huang et al 2010 ; Zhou et al 2020 , 2022 ; Sajid et al 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of differences in tobacco leaf microbial communities after redrying in Chinese provinces and from abroad

Zhang,

Xu,

Yang

et al. 2023

AMB Expr

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Microorganisms play an important role in the tobacco aging process. Before the aging process, raw tobacco leaves must be threshed and redried. In order to explore the differences of microbial community structure of threshed and redried tobacco leaves from different origins at home and abroad, 14 groups of tobacco leaves from 8 different countries were tested by high-throughput DNA sequencing and microbiology analysis. Then, through amplicon sequence variants (ASV) cluster analysis, Venn diagram and species labeling and other microbial diversity analysis, the dominant bacteria and fungi on the surface of threshed and redried tobacco leaves were obtained. The results showed that there were significant differences in the composition of tobacco bacteria and fungi after threshing and redrying from different geographical areas. The relative abundance of Microbacterium and Sphingomonas in domestic tobacco leaves was significantly higher than that of foreign tobacco leaves. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas in foreign tobacco bacterial colonies was significantly higher than that of domestic tobacco leaves. In terms of fungi, the relative abundance of Aspergillus and Alternaria in domestic tobacco leaves was significantly higher than that of foreign tobacco leaves. Septoria, Sampaiozyma, Cladosporium and Phoma account for significantly higher proportions of foreign tobacco leaves. These microorganisms may be indispensable in aging process to form different flavors of tobacco leaves. It provides an important theoretical basis for the further use of microorganisms to promote tobacco leaf aging.

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Fungal Community Composition and Function Associated with Loose Smokeless Tobacco Products

Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

Characterization of physiochemical parameters & their effect on microbial content of smokeless tobacco products marketed in north India

Characterization of physiochemical parameters & their effect on microbial content of smokeless tobacco products marketed in north India

Microbial community and functions involved in smokeless tobacco product: a metagenomic approach

Analysis of differences in tobacco leaf microbial communities after redrying in Chinese provinces and from abroad

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