Fungal Effectors and Plant Susceptibility

Presti, Libera Lo; Lanver, Daniel; Schweizer, Gabriel; Tanaka, Shigeyuki; Liang, Liang; Tollot, Marie; Zuccaro, Alga; Reißmann, Stefanie; Kahmann, Regine

doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114623

Cited by 1,028 publications

(1,012 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…Two leaf pathogens, both Leotiomycetes, are shown to illustrate examples of biotrophic pathogens (Blumeria graminis) and necrotrophic/hemibiotrophic pathogens (Botrytis cinerea). Green and red arrows indicate either high or low abundance, respectively, for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) (including plant cell wall -degrading enzymes, PCWDEs), secondary metabolism enzymes and effector encoding genes for each ecological strategy, according to data published by Tisserant et al (2013), Kohler et al (2015), Lo Presti et al (2015), Pusztahelyi et al (2015), Schlegel et al (2016) and Martino et al (2018). AMF, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; ECMF, ectomycorrhizal fungi; ERMF, ericoid mycorrhizal fungi; ORMF, orchid mycorrhizal fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

2018

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Contents Summary1141I.Introduction1141II.The ericoid mycorrhizal lifestyle1141III.Lessons from the mycorrhizal fungal genomes1142IV.ERM fungi: a discordant voice in the mycorrhizal choir1143V.An endophytic niche for ERM fungi1144VI.Specialised vs unspecialised mycorrhizal fungi?1145VII.Conclusions and perspectives1145Acknowledgements1146References1146 Summary The genome of an organism bears the signature of its lifestyle, and organisms with similar life strategies are expected to share common genomic traits. Indeed, ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi share some genomic traits, such as the expansion of gene families encoding taxon‐specific small secreted proteins, which are candidate effectors in the symbiosis, and a very small repertoire of plant cell wall‐degrading enzymes. A large gene family coding for candidate effectors was also revealed in ascomycetous ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi, but these fungal genomes are characterised by a very high number of genes encoding degradative enzymes, mainly acting on plant cell wall components. We suggest that the genomic signature of ERM fungi mirrors a versatile life strategy, which allows them to occupy several ecological niches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

2018

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“…Although nucleotide substitution was the main mechanism, other types of mutations account for ~15% of haplotype variation observed. Avr3a proteins secreted from P. infestans during infection trigger defense responses in hosts carrying corresponding resistance genes (Lo Presti et al., 2015) and are also important for the pathogenicity of plant pathogens by increasing host susceptibility or suppressing host immunity (Bos et al., 2010; Haas et al., 2009; Vetukuri et al., 2011). Although increasing the invasive opportunity of P. infestans due to the prevention of its recognition by potato hosts carrying with R3a gene, high mutation rates in Avr3a particular through pseudogenization also abruptly disrupt the normal biochemical functions of the gene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for intragenic recombination and selective sweep in an effector gene of Phytophthora infestans

Yang

Ouyang

Fang

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a critical role in the antagonistic interaction between plant hosts and pathogens through their dual functions in regulating host immune systems and pathogen infection capability. In this study, evolution in effector genes was investigated through population genetic analysis of Avr3a sequences generated from 96 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six locations representing a range of thermal variation and cropping systems in China. We found high genetic variation in the Avr3a gene resulting from diverse mechanisms extending beyond point mutations, frameshift, and defeated start and stop codons to intragenic recombination. A total of 51 nucleotide haplotypes encoding 38 amino acid isoforms were detected in the 96 full sequences with nucleotide diversity in the pathogen populations ranging from 0.007 to 0.023 (mean = 0.017). Although haplotype and nucleotide diversity were high, the effector gene was dominated by only three haplotypes. Evidence for a selective sweep was provided by (i) the population genetic differentiation (G ST) of haplotypes being lower than the population differentiation (F ST ) of SSR marker loci; and (ii) negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's FS. Annual mean temperature in the collection sites was negatively correlated with the frequency of the virulent form (Avr3aEM), indicating Avr3a may be regulated by temperature. These results suggest that elevated air temperature due to global warming may hamper the development of pathogenicity traits in P. infestans and further study under confined thermal regimes may be required to confirm the hypothesis.

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“…Effectors, in contrast to MAMPs, are strictly inducible molecules in both pathogenic, and presumably endophytic, interactions with plants (1238). To date, they have mostly been studied in plant and animal pathogens (1239,1240), with comparable research lacking in endophytes and other symbionts.…”

Section: Genes Related To Competition and Defense (Biocontrol)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Schmoll

Dattenböck

Carreras-Villaseñor

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

165

195

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SUMMARYThe genusTrichodermacontains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for “hot topic” research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism inT. reesei,T. atroviride, andT. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of eachTrichodermaspecies discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved inN-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability ofTrichodermaspp. to generate hybrid galactose-containingN-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique toTrichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in theTrichodermagenus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique toT. atrovirideis the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.

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Fungal Effectors and Plant Susceptibility

Cited by 1,028 publications

References 182 publications

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and their genomes: another side to the mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Evidence for intragenic recombination and selective sweep in an effector gene of Phytophthora infestans

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

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