Fungal Endophytes of Grasses and Morning Glories, and Their Bioprotective Alkaloids

Schardl, Christopher L.; Chen, Li; Young, Carolyn A.

doi:10.1002/9781118794623.ch7

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The mechanism of ergotryptamine production has not yet been elucidated, but it has been shown to be a spur product rather than a direct intermediate in the pathway to chanoclavine I (Ryan et al 2015). Genome sequencing of numerous ergot-alkaloid producers has revealed that, as expected, the genes for the four chanoclavine I production steps are present and physically linked in a cluster (the EAS cluster), but the vast majority of these fungi have several additional genes in their EAS clusters that specify elaborations to more complex ergot alkaloids (Schardl et al 2013a, b, c, 2014a), which we now describe.…”

Section: Biosynthetic Pathways and Variationssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Many species in the family Clavicipitaceae are considered endophytes because they are systemic symbionts that persist for the lifespan of the host plant and, if vertically transmissible (seedborne), indefinitely in maternal host lineages (Bischoff and White 2003; Schardl et al 2014a). Growth of clavicipitaceous endophytes can be mainly endobiotic or epibiotic, whereby endobiotic growth is between the plant cells within tissues, and epibiotic growth is on the surface or between, but not within host tissues.…”

Section: Sources Of Ergot Alkaloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae

2017

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Ergot alkaloids are highly diverse in structure, exhibit diverse effects on animals, and are produced by diverse fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including pathogens and mutualistic symbionts of plants. These mycotoxins are best known from the fungal family Clavicipitaceae and are named for the ergot fungi that, through millennia, have contaminated grains and caused mass poisonings, with effects ranging from dry gangrene to convulsions and death. However, they are also useful sources of pharmaceuticals for a variety of medical purposes. More than a half-century of research has brought us extensive knowledge of ergot-alkaloid biosynthetic pathways from common early steps to several taxon-specific branches. Furthermore, a recent flurry of genome sequencing has revealed the genomic processes underlying ergot-alkaloid diversification. In this review, we discuss the evolution of ergot-alkaloid biosynthesis genes and gene clusters, including roles of gene recruitment, duplication and neofunctionalization, as well as gene loss, in diversifying structures of clavines, lysergic acid amides, and complex ergopeptines. Also reviewed are prospects for manipulating ergot-alkaloid profiles to enhance suitability of endophytes for forage grasses.

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Section: Biosynthetic Pathways and Variationssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Sources Of Ergot Alkaloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae

2017

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Diversity of Seed Endophytes: Causes and Implications

et al. 2022

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Epichloë hybrida, sp. nov., an emerging model system for investigating fungal allopolyploidy

et al. 2017

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Endophytes of the genus Epichloë (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota) frequently occur within coolseason grasses and form interactions with their hosts that range from mutualistic to antagonistic. Many Epichloë species have arisen via interspecific hybridization, resulting in species with two or three subgenomes that retain all or nearly all of their original parental genomes, a process termed allopolyploidization. Here, we characterize Epichloë hybrida, sp. nov., a mutualistic species that has increasingly become a model system for investigating allopolyploidy in fungi. The Epichloë species so far identified as the closest known relatives of the two progenitors of E. hybrida are E. festucae var. lolii and E. typhina. We confirm that the nuclear genome of E. hybrida contains two homeologs of most protein-coding genes from E. festucae and E. typhina, with genome-wide gene expression analysis indicating a slight bias in overall gene expression from the E. typhina subgenome. Mitochondrial DNA is detectable only from E. festucae, whereas ribosomal DNA is detectable only from E. typhina. Inheriting ribosomal DNA from just one parent might be expected to preferentially favor interactions with ribosomal proteins from the same parent, but we find that ribosomal protein genes from both parental subgenomes are nearly all expressed equally in E. hybrida. Finally, we provide a comprehensive set of resources for this model system that are intended to facilitate further study of fungal hybridization by other researchers. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Fungal Endophytes of Grasses and Morning Glories, and Their Bioprotective Alkaloids

Cited by 4 publications

References 65 publications

Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae

Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae

Diversity of Seed Endophytes: Causes and Implications

Epichloë hybrida, sp. nov., an emerging model system for investigating fungal allopolyploidy

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