Fungal Flora of the Normal Human Small and Large Intestine

Cohen, R; Roth, Frank J.; Delgado, Esmeralda; Ahearn, Donald G.; Kalser, Martin H.

doi:10.1056/nejm196903202801204

Cited by 212 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Notably, Candida species are abundant in the GI tract, where they can be found in more than 21% of humans (7,42). In one previous study, we reported that GlcNAc induced white-toopaque transition in C. albicans (15).…”

Section: Fig 6 Glcnac Increases C Tropicalis Mating Efficiency Whitmentioning

confidence: 99%

N -Acetylglucosamine Induces White-to-Opaque Switching and Mating in Candida tropicalis, Providing New Insights into Adaptation and Fungal Sexual Evolution

Xie

Guan

et al. 2012

Eukaryot Cell

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ABSTRACTPathogenic fungi are capable of switching between different phenotypes, each of which has a different biological advantage. In the most prevalent human fungal pathogen,Candida albicans, phenotypic transitions not only improve its adaptation to a continuously changing host microenvironment but also regulate sexual mating. In this report, we show thatCandida tropicalis, another important human opportunistic pathogen, undergoes reversible and heritable phenotypic switching, referred to as the “white-opaque” transition. Here we show thatN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an inducer of white-to-opaque switching inC. albicans, promotes opaque-cell formation and mating and also inhibits filamentation in a number of naturalC. tropicalisstrains. Our results suggest that host chemical signals may facilitate this phenotypic switching and mating ofC. tropicalis, which had been previously thought to reproduce asexually. Overexpression of theC. tropicalis WOR1gene inC. albicansinduces opaque-cell formation. Additionally, an intermediate phase between white and opaque was observed inC. tropicalis, indicating that the switching could be tristable.

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Section: Fig 6 Glcnac Increases C Tropicalis Mating Efficiency Whitmentioning

confidence: 99%

N -Acetylglucosamine Induces White-to-Opaque Switching and Mating in Candida tropicalis, Providing New Insights into Adaptation and Fungal Sexual Evolution

Xie

Guan

et al. 2012

Eukaryot Cell

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“…The human gastrointestinal system is considered the biggest habitat for Candida spp. which are most frequently isolated from distal segments (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Candida spp. colonization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

Moris¹,

Melhem²,

Martins³

et al. 2008

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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“…The gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of infant and adult humans are often colonized with Candida spp., most often Candida albicans (3), and it is generally believed that in most instances, disseminated candidiasis results from systemic spread from this site. Although transient innocuous episodes of C. albicans fungemia may occur by passage across the normal mucosa (17), invasion in the individual, resulting in either mucosal or systemic disease or both, seems to occur only under conditions of compromise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced immune responses in mice treated with penicillin-tetracycline or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when colonized intragastrically with Candida albicans

Domer¹,

Hector²

1987

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Immune consequences of gastrointestinal colonization of CD-1 and CBA/J mice with Candida albicans in the presence or absence of continuous antibiotic treatment with penicillin-tetracycline or trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole were investigated. Intubation with C. albicans in the absence of antibiotics resulted in the induction of low but detectable delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), demonstrable by footpad testing with a C. albicans wall glycoprotein (GP), and in the stimulation of a moderate level of protective immunity, demonstrable by intravenous (i.v.) challenge. DTH to a membrane extract, BEX, could not be detected in such animals. However, animals colonized in the presence of antibiotics and then inoculated cutaneously prior to being tested for DTH or protective immunity developed significantly enhanced levels of DTH to GP and BEX and were protected to an even greater extent than animals colonized in the absence of antibiotics who were not inoculated cutaneously. The priming effect of colonization, particularly with respect to the antigen GP, was also obvious from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for GP-specific antibody with sera.of mice surviving the i.v. challenge, in that GP-specific antibody was present in the highest titers in colonized animals that had been inoculated cutaneously prior to i.v. challenge. While the antibiotics promoted higher levels of colonization, as evidenced by stomach and fecal cultures of intubated mice, antibiotic administration was not necessary for the induction of C. albicans-specific responses. Moreover, contrary to reports in the literature, antibiotic administration had no adverse effect on the immune responses measured. Females were innately more resistant than males to i.v. challenge with C. albicans, but each sex was capable of developing protective immunity of equal intensity in response to colonization or immunization by cutaneous challenge.

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Fungal Flora of the Normal Human Small and Large Intestine

Cited by 212 publications

References 19 publications

N -Acetylglucosamine Induces White-to-Opaque Switching and Mating in Candida tropicalis, Providing New Insights into Adaptation and Fungal Sexual Evolution

N -Acetylglucosamine Induces White-to-Opaque Switching and Mating in Candida tropicalis, Providing New Insights into Adaptation and Fungal Sexual Evolution

Oral Candida spp. colonization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

Enhanced immune responses in mice treated with penicillin-tetracycline or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when colonized intragastrically with Candida albicans

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