Fungal microsclerotia development: essential prerequisites, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism

Song, Zhimin

doi:10.1007/s00253-018-9400-z

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Interestingly, the identification of DEGs from the carbon metabolism pathway led to the discovery that MrNsdD was involved in the metabolism of different carbon sources. Previous investigations had proposed that ROS were associated with both dimorphic transition and microsclerotium development (Song, 2018; Song et al , 2018a, 2018b). Peroxisomes are among the main organelles for ROS production in fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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GATA‐type transcription factor MrNsdD regulates dimorphic transition, conidiation, virulence and microsclerotium formation in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi

Xin

Yang

Mao

et al. 2020

Microbial Biotechnology

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The GATA-type sexual development transcription factor NsdD has been implicated in virulence, secondary metabolism and asexual development in filamentous fungi. However, little is known about its function in the yeast-to-hypha transition and in microsclerotium formation. In the current study, the orthologous NsdD gene MrNsdD in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi was characterized. Transcriptional analysis indicated that MrNsdD was involved in yeast-to-hypha transition, conidiation and microsclerotium formation. After targeted deletion of MrNsdD, dimorphic transition, conidiation, fungal virulence and microsclerotium formation were all impaired. Compared with the wildtype strain, the DMrNsdD mutants were hypersensitive to thermal stress. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that MrNsdD regulated a distinct signalling pathway in M. rileyi during the yeast-to-hypha transition or microsclerotium formation, but exhibited overlapping regulation of genes during the two distinct developmental stages. Taken together, characterization of the MrNsdD targets in this study will aid in the dissection of the molecular mechanisms of dimorphic transition and microsclerotium development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…S8). A prevailing theory is that interplays between different transcription factors regulate microsclerotium differentiation (Song, 2018). Our previous study demonstrated that a bZIP transcription factor ( MrAp1 ) plays an important role in mediating redox homoeostasis during microsclerotium development (Song et al , 2018a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GATA‐type transcription factor MrNsdD regulates dimorphic transition, conidiation, virulence and microsclerotium formation in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi

Xin

Yang

Mao

et al. 2020

Microbial Biotechnology

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“…Over the past decade, it has been discovered that entomopathogenic fungi belonging to M. anisopliae, M. brunneum, Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, and B. pseudobassiana are able to produce high concentrations of microsclerotia (MS) when grown in liquid media Jaronski, 2009, 2012;Vega et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2011;Villamizar et al, 2018). These environmentally resistant structures are desiccation tolerant, have excellent storage stability, and are capable of producing high quantities of infective conidia suitable for management insect pests or as antagonists of phytopathogens (Jaronski and Jackson, 2008;Jackson and Jaronski, 2009;Vega et al, 2009;Song, 2018). Microsclerotia from M. anisopliae can be produced by culturing in liquid substrate fermentation for ∼3 to 4 days in continuous agitation, while further fermentation up to 8 days allows the complete MS melanization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Microsclerotia From Entomopathogenic Fungi and Use in Maize Seed Coating as Delivery for Biocontrol Against Fusarium graminearum

Rivas-Franco

Hampton

Altier

et al. 2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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The commercial use of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium spp. in biopesticides has gained more interest since the discovery that several species of this genus are able to colonize roots. In general, commercial products with Metarhizium are formulated based on conidia for insect pest control. The process of mass production, harvesting, and formulation of infective conidia can be detrimental for conidial viability. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium spp. are able to produce high concentrations of resistant structures, known as microsclerotia, when grown in liquid media. Microsclerotia are desiccation tolerant, with excellent storage stability, and are capable of producing high quantities of infective conidia after rehydration. The aim of this study was to evaluate microsclerotia production by different isolates of Metarhizium spp. and determine the effect of microsclerotia coated onto maize seeds on plant growth in the presence of soil-borne pathogen Fusarium graminearum. On average, ~1 × 105 microsclerotia/mL were produced by selected isolates of M. anisopliae (A1080 and F672) and Metarhizium robertsii (F447). Microsclerotia were formulated as granules with diatomaceous earth and used for seed coating, after which propagules produced around 5 × 106 CFU/g of seeds. In the presence of the plant pathogen, maize plants grown from untreated seeds had the lowest growth, while plants treated with the Metarhizium microsclerotia had significantly greater growth than the control plants. Hyphae were observed growing on and in root tissues in all the Metarhizium spp. treatments but not in samples from control plants. Metarhizium hyphal penetration points' on roots were observed 1 month after sowing, indicating the fungi were colonizing roots as endophytes. The results obtained indicate that microsclerotia can be coated onto seeds, providing plant protection against soil plant pathogens and a method to establish Metarhizium in the ecto- and endo-rhizosphere of maize roots, allowing the persistence of this biocontrol agent.

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“…Sclerotia, like chlamydospores, are also dormancy structures produced by many fungi. Studies showed that genes linked to secondary metabolite production also control sclerotia production ( Jirjis and Moore, 1976 ; Willetts and Bullock, 1992 ; Kües, 2000 ; Georgiou et al, 2006 ; Bayram and Braus, 2012 ; Calvo and Cary, 2015 ; Song, 2018 ; Shu et al, 2019 ). For example, different members of the velvet protein family interact with each other and the non-velvet protein LaeA .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Dynamics Underlying Chlamydospore Formation in Trichoderma virens GV29-8

Peng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Trichoderma spp. are widely used biocontrol agents which are antagonistic to a variety of plant pathogens. Chlamydospores are a type of propagules produced by many fungi that have thick walls and are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Chlamydospore preparations of Trichoderma spp. can withstand various storage conditions, have a longer shelf life than conidial preparations and have better application potential. However, large-scale production of chlamydospores has proven difficult. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing chlamydospore formation (CF) in Trichoderma fungi, we performed a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome dynamics during CF across 8 different developmental time points, which were divided into 4 stages according to PCA analysis: the mycelium growth stage (S1), early and middle stage of CF (S2), flourishing stage of CF (S3), and late stage of CF and mycelia initial autolysis (S4). 2864, 3206, and 3630 DEGs were screened from S2 vs S1, S3 vs S2, and S4 vs S3, respectively. We then identified the pathways and genes that play important roles in each stage of CF by GO, KEGG, STC and WGCNA analysis. The results showed that DEGs in the S2 vs S1 were mainly enriched in organonitrogen compound metabolism, those in S3 vs S2 were mainly involved in secondary metabolite, cell cycle, and N-glycan biosynthesis, and DEGs in S4 vs S3 were mainly involved in lipid, glycogen, and chitin metabolic processes. We speculated that mycelial assimilation and absorption of exogenous nitrogen in the early growth stage (S1), resulted in subsequent nitrogen deficiency (S2). At the same time, secondary metabolites and active oxygen free radicals released during mycelial growth produced an adverse growth environment. The resulting nitrogen-deficient and toxin enriched medium may stimulate cell differentiation by initiating cell cycle regulation to induce morphological transformation of mycelia into chlamydospores. High expression of genes relating to glycogen, lipid, mannan, and chitin synthetic metabolic pathways during the flourishing (S3) and late stages (S4) of CF may be conducive to energy storage and cell wall construction in chlamydospores. For further verifying the functions of the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (tre00520) pathway in the CF of T. virens GV29-8 strain, the chitin synthase gene (TRIVIDRAFT_90152), one key gene of the pathway, was deleted and resulted in the dysplasia of mycelia and an incapability to form normal chlamydospores, which illustrated the pathway affecting the CF of T. virens GV29-8 strain. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the genetics of biochemical pathways involved in CF of Trichoderma spp.

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Fungal microsclerotia development: essential prerequisites, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism

Cited by 25 publications

References 76 publications

GATA‐type transcription factor MrNsdD regulates dimorphic transition, conidiation, virulence and microsclerotium formation in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi

GATA‐type transcription factor MrNsdD regulates dimorphic transition, conidiation, virulence and microsclerotium formation in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi

Production of Microsclerotia From Entomopathogenic Fungi and Use in Maize Seed Coating as Delivery for Biocontrol Against Fusarium graminearum

Transcriptome Dynamics Underlying Chlamydospore Formation in Trichoderma virens GV29-8

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