Fungal Protease Inhibitors

Sabotič, Jerica; Kos, Janko

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19456-1_10-1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As for the low or absence of inhibition of the chymotrypsin enzyme by most protein extracts and the high potential of trypsin inhibition, the scientific literature cites inhibitors of serine proteases belonging to the I66 family, known as mycospins, which are non-secretable cytoplasmatic proteins, synthesized by macrofungi for the regulation of the activity of endogenous proteases, as well as for the defense against predators and pathogens. Among this class, inhibitors with high specificity for trypsin and low specificity for chymotrypsin can be found, as already reported in mushrooms such as Lentinula edodes, Clitocyber nebularis and Coprinopsis cinerea (Sabotič and Kos, 2016;Sabotič et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Production of mycelial biomass, proteases and protease inhibitors by Ganoderma lucidum under different submerged fermentation conditions

et al. 2023

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Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom widely recognized as a source of biomolecules with pharmacological properties, however, little is known about the factors that influence the synthesis of bioactive proteins by this fungus when cultivated under submerged fermentation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of mycelial biomass and intracellular proteases and protease inhibitors by G. lucidum cultivated under different submerged fermentation conditions. The cultivation was carried out in a medium composed of glucose (10 or 20 g.L-1), soy peptone (2.5 or 5 g.L-1) and yeast extract (5 g.L-1), with incubation under agitation (120 rpm) and non-agitation, totaling 8 experimental conditions. Biomass production was determined from the dry weight, while glucose consumption was estimated by quantification of reducing sugars. The proteins were extracted in NaCl (0.15 M), and the protein extracts were submitted to protein quantification by the Bradford method, total proteolytic activity using azocasein, caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activity in Petri dishes, activity of serine (trypsin and chymotrypsin) and cysteine (papain) protease inhibitors. Cultivation in agitated condition showed higher biomass production with a maximum value of 7 g.L-1, in addition to higher activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain inhibitors, with 154 IU.mg-1, 153 IU.mg-1 e 343 IU.mg-1 of protein, respectively. The non-agitated condition showed a greater potential for obtaining proteins, total proteases, caseinolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes, with maximum values of 433 mg.g-1 of extract, 71 U.mL-1 of extract, 63.62 mm2 and 50.27 mm2, respectively. Thus, a medium composed of soy peptone, yest extract and glucose in a 1:2:4 proportion is recommended, under agitation to produce protease inhibitors, and the non-agitated condition when the target is, mainly caseinolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Production of mycelial biomass, proteases and protease inhibitors by Ganoderma lucidum under different submerged fermentation conditions

et al. 2023

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“…Fungal protease inhibitors are important regulators of proteases, therefore they play essential physiological roles in the life of fungal cells such as resource recycling and defense (87). Cap-specific serine protease-inhibitors belonging to the MEROPS family I66 are known as mycospins, which, in C. cinerea , are known as the cospins (52).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cospins were initially characterized as having a defensive function against predators and parasites (88). However, it is possible that they serve a dual biological purpose by also controlling the activity of internal serine proteases that play a role in the development of fruiting bodies (87). Isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferases -One of the strongest signals in the GO analysis of downregulated genes (Fig.…”

Section: Rna-seq Analysis Reveals Transcriptomic Changes In δSnb1 Mut...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the elevated expression level of ROS scavenging enzyme encoding genes in the Δsnb1 may lead to a shift in the cellular oxidative environment, which could indirectly play a role in the arrest of differentiation observed in the Δsnb1 strain. Protease inhibitors -Fungal protease inhibitors are important regulators of proteases, therefore they play essential physiological roles in the life of fungal cells such as resource recycling and defense (87). Cap-specific serine protease-inhibitors belonging to the MEROPS family I66 are known as mycospins, which, in C. cinerea, are known as the cospins (52).…”

Section: Rna-seq Analysis Reveals Transcriptomic Changes In δSnb1 Mut...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snowball: a novel gene family required for developmental patterning in fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes)

Földi,

Merényi,

Balázs

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The morphogenesis of sexual fruiting bodies of fungi is a complex process determined by a genetically encoded program. Fruiting bodies reached the highest complexity levels in the Agaricomycetes, yet, the underlying genetics is currently poorly known. In this work, we functionally characterized a highly conserved unannotated gene termedsnb1, whose expression level increases rapidly during fruiting body initiation. According to phylogenetic analyses, orthologues ofsnb1are present in almost all agaricomycetes and may represent a novel conserved gene family that plays a substantial role in fruiting body development. We disruptedsnb1using CRISPR/Cas9 in the agaricomycete model organismCoprinopsis cinerea. Snb1deletion mutants formed unique, snowball-shaped, rudimentary fruiting bodies that could not differentiate caps, stipes and lamellae. We took advantage of this phenotype to study fruiting body differentiation using RNA-Seq analyses. This revealed differentially regulated genes and gene families that, based on wild-type RNA-Seq data, were upregulated early during development and showed tissue-specific expression, underscoring their potential role in differentiation. Taken together, the novel gene family ofsnb1and the differentially expressed genes in thesnb1mutants provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying developmental patterning in the Agaricomycetes.ImportanceFruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are complex multicellular structures, with a spatially and temporally integrated developmental program that is, however, currently poorly known. In this study we present a novel, conserved gene family, Snowball (snb), termed after the unique, differentiation-less fruiting body morphology ofsnb1knockout strains in the model mushroomCoprinopsis cinerea. Snbis a hitherto unannotated gene that is highly conserved among agaricomycetes and encodes a protein of unknown function. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of the early developmental stages of differentiated wild-type and non-differentiated mutant fruiting bodies revealed conserved differentially expressed genes which may be related to tissue differentiation and developmental patterning fruiting body development.

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Fungal Protease Inhibitors

Cited by 2 publications

References 153 publications

Production of mycelial biomass, proteases and protease inhibitors by Ganoderma lucidum under different submerged fermentation conditions

Production of mycelial biomass, proteases and protease inhibitors by Ganoderma lucidum under different submerged fermentation conditions

Snowball: a novel gene family required for developmental patterning in fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes)

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