Fungal quinones: diversity, producers, and applications of quinones from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium

Abstract

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“…A promising source of suitable cheaply produced quinones is the fungal kingdom, where more than 300 quinones of fungal origin have been described. 29,[53][54][55] The biosynthesis of fungal quinones is initiated by polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are multidomain enzymes that perform iterative condensation reactions of activated acetate and malonate units. 56 The resulting products can then be further modified by oxygenation, acylation, and cyclization by enzymes which are encoded by genes located adjacent to the core PKS gene in tightly packed gene clusters (Figure 3A).…”

“…They are divided according to the number of benzene rings in the backbone structure 27,28 . Having the simplest structure, benzoquinones consist of one aromatic ring with two carbonyl groups placed in either ortho ‐ or para ‐position, while naphthoquinones are bis‐cyclic aromatic and anthraquinones are multi‐cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 29,30 …”

“…A promising source of suitable cheaply produced quinones is the fungal kingdom, where more than 300 quinones of fungal origin have been described 29,53‐55 . The biosynthesis of fungal quinones is initiated by polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are multidomain enzymes that perform iterative condensation reactions of activated acetate and malonate units 56 .…”

“…27,28 Having the simplest structure, benzoquinones consist of one aromatic ring with two carbonyl groups placed in either ortho-or para-position, while naphthoquinones are bis-cyclic aromatic and anthraquinones are multicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 29,30 In an aqueous solution, quinones undergo reversible two-electron reactions due to them having two carbonyl groups present in their structures. 30,31 The redox properties of the quinones largely depend on the operating conditions such as the supportive electrolyte and pH.…”

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