Fungal species and multiple mycotoxin contamination of cultivated forage crops

Abstract

The quality of grass samples used for animal feed by combining mycotoxin measures and mycological determination of mycobiota were explored. The samples of the plant material were collected in 2014 in two stages: before the first mowing (May–June) and before the second one (July–August) from the fields of stock-farms located in northwestern part of the Russia. All samples were divided into three types: grasses, mixture of different grasses and clover, alfalfa mixed with timothy. The occurrence of aflatoxin B1, alternariol, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, emodin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, PR-toxin, roridin A, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone were determined using ELISA. The multiple fungal and mycotoxin contaminations are already formed in plant tissues by the moment of first mowing. The complexes of mycotoxins including up to 14–16 components and the combined character of plant contamination quite correspond to the taxonomic variety of mycobiota.

Prevalence of microscopic fungi in bee pollen

“…The representative of this genus A. alternata had a prevalence of 20.81% in pollen samples, which was by 10.63% higher than in the spring samples. Alternaria alternata, one of the most commonly encountered in the Alternaria genus, is the one which most abundantly produces mycotoxin alternariol (Kononenko et al, 2015). In 2011, Kačaniova found that Alternaria sp., Mycelia sterilia and Aspergillus candidus are often found in honey, with an occurrence of 1.0 × 10 2 CFU/g −1 to 4.50 × 10 3 CFU/g −1 .…”

Effect of cupric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on seed mycoflora and seed quality of fodder crops

“…Seeds with high initial vigour, foliage growth and good germination provide more biomass and also provides edge to weed competition in their natural growth conditions (Maity et al, 2016). One of the main impediments towards the availability of good quality seeds is seed borne pathogens (Naqvi et al, 2013;Kononenko et al, 2015), which account for annual economic loss of more than US $130 million in Afro-Asian countries (Yago et al, 2011). They reduce seed viability by associating with the seed either externally or internally and may cause seed abortion, seed rot, seed necrosis and reduction or elimination of germination capacity as well as seedling damage.…”

“…For the last few decades, use of agrochemicals for seed treatment has certainly decreased the incidence of seed mycoflora, but at the same time has contributed to the development of resistant pathogens (Elad et al, 1992). Moreover, such chemicals can be lethal to beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere and useful soil insects, and they may also enter the food chain and accumulate in undesirable levels (Kononenko et al, 2015). With the emergence and proliferation of microbes resistant to fungicides and the burgeoning health care costs, many researchers have been tried to develop new and effective antimicrobial reagents that do not stimulate resistance and are less expensive.…”

Comparative Analysis of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins Contaminating Soya Bean Seeds and Processed Soya Bean from Nigerian Markets

“…There are reports of mycotoxin contamination of many food commodities [7] [8] [9] including seeds and legumes [10] [11] [12], which soya bean belongs to. These mycotoxins are known to have very adverse health effects including carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects [4] [13].…”