Fungal Species Causing Maize Leaf Blight in Different Agro-Ecologies in India

Abstract

Foliar diseases of maize cause severe economic losses in India and around the world. The increasing severity of maize leaf blight (MLB) over the past ten years necessitates rigorous identification and characterization of MLB-causing pathogens from different maize production zones to ensure the success of resistance breeding programs and the selection of appropriate disease management strategies. Although Bipolaris maydis is the primary pathogen causing MLB in India, other related genera such as Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum, and a taxonomically distant genus, Alternaria, are known to infect maize in other countries. To investigate the diversity of pathogens associated with MLB in India, 350 symptomatic leaf samples were collected between 2016 and 2018, from 20 MLB hotspots in nine states representing six ecological zones where maize is grown in India. Twenty representative fungal isolates causing MLB symptoms were characterized based on cultural, pathogenic, and molecular variability. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) gene sequence-based phylogenies showed that the majority of isolates (13/20) were Bipolaris maydis. There were also two Curvularia papendorfii isolates, and one isolate each of Bipolaris zeicola, Curvularia siddiquii, Curvularia sporobolicola, an unknown Curvularia sp. isolate phylogenetically close to C. graminicola, and an Alternaria sp. isolate. The B. zeicola, the aforesaid four Curvularia species, and the Alternaria sp. are the first reports of these fungi causing MLB in India. Pathogenicity tests on maize plants showed that isolates identified as Curvularia spp. and Alternaria sp. generally caused more severe MLB symptoms than those identified as Bipolaris spp. The diversity of fungi causing MLB, types of lesions, and variation in disease severity by different isolates described in this study provide baseline information for further investigations on MLB disease distribution, diagnosis, and management in India.

Development of Diagnostic Markers and Applied for Genetic Diversity Study and Population Structure of Bipolaris sorokiniana Associated with Leaf Blight Complex of Wheat

“…The most predominant fungus observed was of Bipolaris sorokiniana. Similar multipathogenic fungal complex association was observed in the case of blight disease of maize [13,37]. In this study, leaf blight of wheat is also caused by a complex of fungal pathogens, but Bipolaris sorokiniana is the predominant causal agent in India and has also been reported to cause substantial yield abatement in warm humid South Asia (e.g., India, Nepal, and Bangladesh) and other major wheat-growing countries such as Canada, the United States, Brazil, and Australia [38]; similarly there was a first report of Curvularia inaequalis and Bipolaris spicifera causing leaf blight of Buffalograss in Nebraska [39].…”