Adding surfactants is an effective method to improve the biodegradation rate of coal. In this study, the action modes of nonionic Triton X-100, anionic surfactant SDS and cationic surfactant DTAB on the biodegradation of Xinjiang Wudong low-rank coal by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. By measuring cell membrane permeability and cell surface hydrophobicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it was found that the permeability of cell membrane was enhanced under the action of Triton X-100, and reached the highest at 4 CMC, while SDS and DTAB inhibited the permeability of cell membrane. Cell surface hydrophobicity increased under the influence of Triton X-100, SDS and DTAB and reached a maximum at CMC. According to the effects of surfactants on the degradation rates of coal, it was shown that the improvement of cell membrane permeability could promote the degradation of coal, but the increase of cell surface hydrophobicity could inhibit the degradation of coal. When Triton X-100, SDS and DTAB were all at their optimal concentrations for the growths of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the coal biodegradation rates reached 78.63 %, 55.93 % and 20.93 %, respectively. The adsorption experiment of bacteria on the coal surface and the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment of coal presented that the improvement of permeability of cell membrane was the main factor for Triton X-100 to improve the coal degradation rate, even if it can slightly increase cell surface hydrophobicity. For SDS and DTAB, the decrease of cell membrane permeability and the increase of cell surface hydrophobicity are all not conducive to the biodegradation of coal.