Fungi as biological control agents of arthropods of agricultural and medical importance

Abstract

SUMMARYThere are many species of fungi attacking terrestrial and aquatic insects of agricultural and medical importance. Of these, few species have received much attention with a view to their use as biological control agents. The mechanisms of infection have been comparatively well studied, although many questions remain to be answered. The knowledge so far obtained has shed some light on the reasons for host specificity. Temperature, above all relative humidity, and their interactions are the most important physical factors influencing infection of terrestrial insects by entomopathogenic fungi and these are discussed in relation to epizootiological events. In aquatic environments, temperature, salinity and organic pollution are the important factors. In addition to these physical factors, numerous biotic factors at the level of the insect and the fungal pathogen influence both infection and spread of disease in insect populations. The complexity of the interactions of the biotic and abiotic factors makes it extremely difficult to study the influence of any one of these. Virulence of fungal pathogens and its measurement are discussed, together with the shortcomings of present bioassay systems; virtually no laboratory bioassay system exists which has been designed to yield data meaningful in the field. Mass-production techniques are described as are their inherent problems and those of formulation and storage. Finally, the achievements of fungal control of insects in the field are reviewed. Thus far, several species are mass-produced and are in widespread use, two of which,Verticillium lecaniiandHirsutella thompsonii, have been commercialized. More studies, ecological, fundamental and developmental are required in this field to realize fully the potential of other candidate fungi.

Isolation of fungi in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) captured at two natural breeding grounds in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

“…Entomopathogenic fungus species are cited as most effective in insect control programs (Hall & Papierok 1982, Messias 1989.…”

Isolation, Molecular Identification and under Lab Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi <i>M. anisopliae</i> and <i>B. bassiana</i> against the Red Palm Weevil <i>R. ferrugineus</i> in Gaza Strip

“…These results agree with that estimated by (Kaakeh, The current examination showed that the tested M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolates infect the adult and larvae are fully completed their life cycles by forming conidiophores with conidia on RPW. Fungal virulence is determined by different intrinsic characteristics in the strains and their manifestation is related with biotic and abiotic variations (Hall & Papierok, 1982) [35].…”

Entomopathogens of Anαcridium αegyptium L. in Crete

“…bassiana can be easily mass produced and formulated in high conidia concentrations (Hall andPapierok 1982, Auld 1991). Its mass produc tion, formulation and application methods can al so be impoved considerably (Goctel andRoberts 1991, Bateman 1991).…”