Fungi in Their Own Right

Wessels, J. G. H.

doi:10.1006/fgbi.1999.1125

Cited by 92 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This is despite the fact that none of these genes is essential for growth in culture. Previously, we used AFM and FS to show for the first time that growing hyphal tips of a wild-type A. nidulans strain, A28 (18), had wall surface characteristics that were consistent with long-accepted models of wall deposition and maturation (2,26) that had yet to be quantitatively tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantifying the Importance of Galactofuranose in Aspergillus nidulans Hyphal Wall Surface Organization by Atomic Force Microscopy

et al. 2011

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The fungal wall mediates cell-environment interactions. Galactofuranose (Galf), the five-member ring form of galactose, has a relatively low abundance in Aspergillus walls yet is important for fungal growth and fitness. Aspergillus nidulans strains deleted for Galf biosynthesis enzymes UgeA (UDP-glucose-4-epimerase) and UgmA (UDP-galactopyranose mutase) lacked immunolocalizable Galf, had growth and sporulation defects, and had abnormal wall architecture. We used atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy to image and quantify cell wall viscoelasticity and surface adhesion of ugeA⌬ and ugmA⌬ strains. We compared the results for ugeA⌬ and ugmA⌬ strains with the results for a wild-type strain (AAE1) and the ugeB deletion strain, which has wild-type growth and sporulation. Our results suggest that UgeA and UgmA are important for cell wall surface subunit organization and wall viscoelasticity. The ugeA⌬ and ugmA⌬ strains had significantly larger surface subunits and lower cell wall viscoelastic moduli than those of AAE1 or ugeB⌬ hyphae. Double deletion strains (ugeA⌬ ugeB⌬ and ugeA⌬ ugmA⌬) had more-disorganized surface subunits than single deletion strains. Changes in wall surface structure correlated with changes in its viscoelastic modulus for both fixed and living hyphae. Wild-type walls had the largest viscoelastic modulus, while the walls of the double deletion strains had the smallest. The ugmA⌬ strain and particularly the ugeA⌬ ugmA⌬ double deletion strain were more adhesive to hydrophilic surfaces than the wild type, consistent with changes in wall viscoelasticity and surface organization. We propose that Galf is necessary for full maturation of A. nidulans walls during hyphal extension.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantifying the Importance of Galactofuranose in Aspergillus nidulans Hyphal Wall Surface Organization by Atomic Force Microscopy

et al. 2011

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“…Although chitinases are always found in growing fungal mycelia together with chitin synthase (Gooday et al, 1986;Hearn et al, 1997;Rast et al, 1991) it is possible that they are protected from the inhibitory effect of allosamidin (Gooday, 1995;Gooday et al, 1997). Alternatively and according to the steady-state model for hyphal growth proposed by Wessels (1984Wessels ( , 1986Wessels ( , 1999, these hydrolases may play no role in the apical wall extension. Nevertheless, growth-related fungal chitinases seem to be unsuitable targets for antifungal drug design, and allosamidin is therefore unlikely to be a suitable tool to get clear-cut evidence on the involvement of chitinases in the apical growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autolysis and aging of Penicillium chrysogenum cultures under carbon starvation: Chitinase production and antifungal effect of allosamidin.

Sámi

Pusztahelyi

Emri

et al. 2001

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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IntroductionThe autolysis taking place in submerged carbon-depleted cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum is influenced by numerous intrinsic (vacuolation, age-related hydrolase production, aging) and extrinsic (power input, shearing forces, nutrient and O 2 limitations, penicillin side-chain precursors) factors (Harvey et al., 1998;McIntyre et al., 1999McIntyre et al., , 2000Nielsen and Krabben, 1995;Paul et al., 1994;Paul and Thomas, 1996;Pócsi et al., 2000; Pusztahelyi et al., 1997a, b;White et al., 1999). In some aspects, the autolysis of P. chrysogenum is reminiscent of the apoptosis of higher eucaryotes under these conditions, e.g., it is an en- In carbon-depleted cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum, age-related chitinases were shown to play a crucial role in both autolysis and fragmentation as indicated by in vivo enzyme inhibition experiments using allosamidin. This pseudotrisaccharide even hindered significantly the outgrowth of new hyphal tips from the surviving yeastlike fragments after glucose supplementation. The antifungal effect of allosamidin on autolyzing P. chrysogenum mycelia was fungistatic rather than fungicidal. In growing hyphae, membrane-bound microsomal chitinase zymogen(s) were detected, which may be indicative of some compartmentalization of these hydrolases. Later, during autolysis, no zymogenic chitinase was detected in any enzyme fraction studied, including microsomes. These observations may explain the different sensitivity of growing and autolyzing mycelia to allosamidin. Chitinases taking part in the age-related fragmentation of hyphae and the outgrowth of surviving hyphal fragments seem to be potent targets for future antifungal drug research. Autolysis and aging of

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“…Hydrophobins are a class of fungal cell wall proteins involved in making cell-cell or cell-surface contact (13,47,49,50,53). They are essential for the growth of hyphae from a hydrophilic medium into the air.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Hydrophobin Gene That is Developmentally Regulated in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Tricholoma terreum

Mankel

Krause

Kothe

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The symbiosis between ectomycorrhizal fungi and trees is an essential part of forest ecology and depends entirely on the communication between the two partners for establishing and maintaining the relationship. The identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes is a step to identifying such signals and to understanding the regulation of this process. We determined the role of hydrophobins produced by Tricholoma terreum in mycorrhiza formation and hyphal development. A hydrophobin was purified from culture supernatant, and the corresponding gene was identified. The gene is expressed in aerial mycelium and in mycorrhiza. By using a heterologous antiserum directed against a hydrophobin found in the aerial mycelium of Schizophyllum commune, we detected a hydrophobin in the symbiosis between T. terreum and its native pine host Pinus sylvestris. The hydrophobin was found in aerial mycelium of the hyphal mantle and also in the Hartig net hyphae, which form the interface between both partners. Interestingly, this was not the case in the interaction of T. terreum with a host of low compatibility, the spruce Picea abies. The differential expression with respect to host was verified at the transcriptional level by competitive PCR. The differential protein accumulation pattern with respect to host compatibility seen by immunofluorescence staining can thus be attributed at least in part to transcriptional control of the hyd1 gene.

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Fungi in Their Own Right

Cited by 92 publications

References 70 publications

Quantifying the Importance of Galactofuranose in Aspergillus nidulans Hyphal Wall Surface Organization by Atomic Force Microscopy

Quantifying the Importance of Galactofuranose in Aspergillus nidulans Hyphal Wall Surface Organization by Atomic Force Microscopy

Autolysis and aging of Penicillium chrysogenum cultures under carbon starvation: Chitinase production and antifungal effect of allosamidin.

Identification of a Hydrophobin Gene That is Developmentally Regulated in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Tricholoma terreum

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