Fungi of the genus Penicillium as producers of physiologically active compounds (Review)

Chemical diversity from the Tibetan Plateau fungi Penicillium kongii and P. brasilianum

“…For example, the antibiotic penicillin is produced by Penicillium rubens (Houbraken et al 2011), the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolic acid is produced by Penicillium brevicompactum (Regueira et al 2011). There were many new compounds that have been found constantly in the following years with impressive anticancer and antifungal activities (Bladt et al 2013; Kozlovskii et al 2013; Tang et al 2015; Koul et al 2016). And many mycotoxins causing human and animal diseases were produced in some species of Penicillium , such as citreoviridin, citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), penitrem A, and penicillic acid (PA) (Lee & Ryu 2015; Oh et al 2017).…”

“…Because of the importance of this genus, chemical assessments on more and more Penicillium species have been investigated from different environmental sources. The endophytic fungi (Arunpanichlert et al 2010; Zhu et al 2015) and soil fungi (Tansakul et al 2014; Daengrot et al 2015) were the most studied fungi in this genus and a number of natural products have been reported to exhibit diverse activities including anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic (Xue et al 2014), or anti-hepatitis C virus (Kozlovskii et al 2013; Nishikori et al 2016). Other strains from extreme conditions also raised the great interest to mine novel structures, such as halotolerant or extremophilic strains (Lu et al 2008; Stierle et al 2012)，deep sea-derived strains (Li et al 2013), and marine animal-derived strains (Qi et al 2013).…”

Effect of cultivation conditions on production of secondary metabolites by Penicillium citrinum

“…QCs were shown to be efficient against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, as well as cytotoxic for tumor cells [8]. It is supposed that the production of ergot alkaloids is associated with reserving the primary metabolites that can be uti lized by the culture for cell growth processes in case of deficiency, e.g., of tryptophan [3].…”

“…The conditions for rapid vegetative growth and for efficient product formation are created at the first and second stage of cultivation, respectively (the tropho and idiophasic kinetics). Growth of the overwhelming majority of fungal producer strains of the genus Peni cillium in a synthetic medium with mannitol, succinic acid, mineral salts, and ammonium nitrogen (optimal for secondary metabolite synthesis) was accompanied by the synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds [3]. It is known that the genes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites are clustered, and these clus ters are controlled by transcription regulators (DNA bound proteins) having either specific effects on the genes within the cluster or on the genes of the com mon metabolic pathways [4].…”

Tentative biosynthetic pathways of some microbial diketopiperazines

“…Alkaloids of roquefortine nature (such as roquefortine C; glandicolines A (34 ) and B (35 ); and meleagrin (36 )), consisting of residues of tryptophan, histidine, and mevalonate, are produced by Penicillium fungi (Kozlovskii et al 2013). Among them, the mycotoxin roquefortine C is the most ubiquitous and well studied with respect to biological activity.…”