Fungi

Hajek, Ann E.; Meyling, Nicolai V.

doi:10.1002/9781119256106.ch9

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 235 publications

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“…EPF are weak saprophytes in natural conditions [ 1 ] and resource competition from other entomopathogens, such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), may also restrict their occurrence. Several combined application studies using EPN and EPF reported that their interactions are not only species dependent (including the target host), but different concentrations and timing of application (simultaneous or sequential) are factors that can alter the outcomes [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Interactions of a similar kind occur among other microorganisms in the soil, such as nematophagous fungi [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Occurrence and Activity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Algarve (Portugal) Using Different Isolation Methods

Bueno-Pallero

Blanco-Pérez

Vicente-Díez

et al. 2020

Insects

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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are distributed in natural and agricultural soils worldwide. To investigate EPF occurrence in different botanical habitats and soil-ecoregions, we surveyed 50 georeferenced localities in the spring of 2016 across the Algarve region (South Portugal). Additionally, we compared three EPF isolation methods: insect baiting in untreated or pre-dried-soil and soil dilution plating on a selective medium. We hypothesized that forest habitats (oak and pine semi-natural areas) and the acidic soil ecoregion may favor EPF occurrence. Overall, EPF species were present in 68% of sites, widely distributed throughout the Algarve. The use of selective media resulted in higher recovery of EPF than did either soil-baiting method. Contrary to our hypothesis, neither vegetation type nor ecoregion appeared to influence EPF occurrence. Traditional and molecular methods confirmed the presence of five EPF species. Beauveria bassiana (34% of sites), was the most frequently detected EPF, using pre-dried soil baiting and soil dilution methods. However, baiting untreated soil recovered Fusarium solani more frequently (26% of sites), demonstrating the utility of using multiple isolation methods. We also found Fusarium oxysporum, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Metarhizium anisopliae in 14%, 8% and 2% of the sites, respectively. Three abiotic variables (pH, soil organic matter and Mg) explained 96% of the variability of the entomopathogen community (EPF and entomopathogenic nematodes) in a canonical correspondence analysis, confirming the congruence of the soil properties that drive the assemblage of both entomopathogens. This study expands the knowledge of EPF distribution in natural and cultivated Mediterranean habitats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Occurrence and Activity of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Algarve (Portugal) Using Different Isolation Methods

Bueno-Pallero

Blanco-Pérez

Vicente-Díez

et al. 2020

Insects

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“…The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can provide safe and effective suppression of arthropod pests. They have a broad host range and therefore some of them have been commercially produced as biocontrol agents [ 7 ]. Infection begins with attachment of conidia or blastospores to the host cuticle, followed by growth and penetration of the fungus through the host integument.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fungal growth blocks the digestive and circulation systems of the host and produces toxins leading to host death; eventually, aerial conidia are formed on the cadaver and disperse to infect new hosts [ 8 , 9 ]. When environmental conditions are highly favorable, horizontal transmission of the fungi can lead to epizootics [ 7 ]. Compared to synthetic insecticides, entomopathogenic fungi exhibit reduced risk of resistance development [ 10 ], potential for long-term persistence in the environment, and increased safety to humans and other non-target organisms [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When environmental conditions are highly favorable, horizontal transmission of the fungi can lead to epizootics [ 7 ]. Compared to synthetic insecticides, entomopathogenic fungi exhibit reduced risk of resistance development [ 10 ], potential for long-term persistence in the environment, and increased safety to humans and other non-target organisms [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficacy of EPF in the field may be affected by various ecological factors, including solar radiation (primarily shortwave ultraviolet (UV)), rain, temperature, humidity, surface chemistry, and phylloplane microbiota [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 ]. Among those factors, EPF tolerance of temperature extremes is considered to be particularly important as it affects fungal persistence and efficacy, as well as shelf-life during storage and transportation [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Tolerance of Entomopathogenic Fungi: A New Strain of Cordyceps javanica Isolated from a Whitefly Epizootic Versus Commercial Fungal Strains

Toews

Oliveira-Hofman

et al. 2020

Insects

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A new strain of Cordyceps javanica (wf GA17) was observed causing widespread epizootics among whiteflies in Southern Georgia in 2017. The tolerance of conidia to environmental factors including variable temperature and ultraviolet (UV) light was compared between this strain and three commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium brunneum F52, Cordyceps fumosorosea Apopka97, and Beauveria bassiana GHA). Under 10–30 °C, C. javanica wf GA17 responded similarly to other fungi, with the highest virulence against Galleria mellonella at 25 °C, followed by 20, 30, and 15 °C; lowest virulence was observed at 10 °C. At 35 °C and 40 °C, C. javanica wf GA17 had lower tolerance than M. brunneum F52 and B. bassiana GHA, but was superior to C. fumosorosea Apopka97 in conidia viability and post-treatment virulence. After exposure to −20 °C for 56 d, C. javanica wf GA17 exhibited lower germination than M. brunneum F52 and lower virulence than M. brunneum F52 and B. bassiana GHA, but higher germination and virulence than C. fumosorosea Apopka97. Following exposure to strong UV light, viability and virulence of all fungi were reduced with increasing exposure periods. Increased environmental tolerance of C. javanica wf GA17 over C. fumosorosea Apopka97 suggests that the new strain could have applicability for commercial pest management.

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