Fungicides Acting on Mitosis and Cell Division: Zoxamide, an Antitubulin Fungicide for Control of Oomycete Pathogens

Young, David H.

doi:10.1002/9783527699261.ch18

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The dose-related increase in MN+, but not in MN−, especially in A549 cells, suggests a possible aneugenic potential. Indeed, the well-known ZOX interaction with the β-tubulin of the mitotic spindle [47,48], rather than direct interaction with DNA, may underlie the significant increase in chromosome malsegregation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach

Lori

Tassinari

Narciso

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Mancozeb (MZ) and zoxamide (ZOX) are fungicides commonly used in pest control programs to protect vineyards. Their toxic and genotoxic potential were investigated in vitro on HepG2 and A549 cell lines at environmentally relevant concentrations. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), comet assay and a micronucleus test with CREST immunofluorescence were used. The expression of a panel of genes involved in apoptosis/necrosis (BAX/BCL2), oxidative stress (NRF2), drug metabolism (CYP1A1) and DNA repair (ERCC1/OGG1) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Both fungicides were cytotoxic at the highest tested concentrations (295.7 and 463.4 µM, respectively); MZ induced necrosis, ZOX did not increase apoptosis but modulated BAX and BCL2 expression, suggesting a different mechanism. Both compounds did not increase ROS, but the induction of CYP1A1 and NRF2 expression supported a pro-oxidant mechanism. The comet assay evidenced MZ genotoxicity, whereas no DNA damage due to ZOX treatment was observed. Positive micronuclei were increased in both cell lines treated with MZ and ZOX, supporting their aneugenic potential. ERCC1 and OGG1 were differently modulated, indicating the efficient activation of the nucleotide excision repair system by both fungicides and the inhibition of the base excision repair system by MZ. Overall, MZ confirmed its toxicity and new ZOX-relevant effects were highlighted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach

Lori

Tassinari

Narciso

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Zoxamide, (RS)-3,5-dichloro-N-(3-chloro-1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-oxopropyl)-p-toluamide, is applied on weeds and grasses as a preemergent pest control with an administration degree of 5 L/ha [ 2 ]. Zoxamide, a relatively recent fungicide, operates by countering the oomycetes [ 3 ]. The mode of action of zoxamide is nuclear partition and destruction of the microtubule cytoskeleton [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Effective Remediation Strategy for Xenobiotic Zoxamide by Pure Bacterial Strains, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Ahmad

Sajid

Gul

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Zoxamide, a class IV hazardous fungicide, is perilous for the environment due to its highly persistent nature. Up till the current date, there are no reports on the biodegradation of zoxamide. The scarcity of knowledge in this domain led to the present research to evaluate the biodegradation of this benzamide fungicide by three bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (EC), Streptococcus pyogenes (SPy), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP). Biotransformation of zoxamide was scrutinized in nutrient broth assemblies for a period of 28 days followed by UV-visible spectrophotometer and GC-MS analysis of the metabolites. The results exhibited a low to medium biodegradation potential of the bacterial cells to metabolize zoxamide. The highest biotransformation percentage was observed by E. coli to be 29.8%. The order of half-life calculated for the degradation results was EC 42.5 < SPy 58.7 < SP 67.9 days. GC-MS analysis indicated the formation of several metabolites including, 2-(3,5-dichloro-4-methylphenyl)-4-ethyl-4-methyl-4H-1,3-oxazin-5(6H)-one, 3,5-dichloro-N-(3-hydroxy-1-ethyl-1-methyl--2-oxopropyl)-4-methylbenzamide and 3,5-dichloro-4-methylbenzamide. The research could influence the biotreatment strategies for the environmentally friendly eradication of xenobiotics.

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“…Topsin M contains thiophanate methyl, which belongs to the benzimidazole class of fungicides. Thiophanate methyl inhibits microtubule assembly in fungi, disrupting cell division and growth [121,122]. The observed reduction in the linear growth of S. cepivorum can be attributed to the disruption of cell division processes by thiophanate methyl [123].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and Chemical Inducers: A Sustainable Shield against Onion White Rot

Elenany,

Atia,

Abbas

et al. 2024

Biology

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This study investigated the effectiveness of nanoparticles and chemical inducers in managing onion white rot caused by Sclerotium cepivorum. The pathogen severely threatens onion cultivation, resulting in significant yield losses and economic setbacks. Traditional fungicides, though effective, raise environmental concerns, prompting a shift toward eco-friendly alternatives. In this study, four S. cepivorum isolates were utilized, each exhibiting varying degrees of pathogenicity, with the third isolate from Abu-Hamad demonstrating the highest potency. During the in vitro studies, three nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated, including Fe3O4 NPs, Cu NPs, and ZnO NPs, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit mycelial growth, with salicylic acid and Fe3O4 NPs exhibiting synergistic effects. In vivo, these nanoparticles reduced the disease incidence and severity, with Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppm resulting in 65.0–80.0% incidence and 80.0–90.0% severity. ZnO NPs had the most positive impact on the chlorophyll content, while Cu NPs had minimal effects. At 1000 ppm, Fe3O4 NPs had variable effects on the phenolic compounds (total: 6.28, free: 4.81, related: 2.59), while ZnO NPs caused minor fluctuations (total: 3.60, free: 1.82, related: 1.73). For the chemical inducers, salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions. Potassium phosphate dibasic (PDP) had mixed effects, and ascorbic acid showed limited efficacy toward disease reduction. However, PDP at 1400 ppm and ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds. Furthermore, this study extended to traditional fungicides, highlighting their inhibitory effects on S. cepivorum. This research provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of these approaches, emphasizing their potential in eco-friendly onion white rot management.

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Fungicides Acting on Mitosis and Cell Division: Zoxamide, an Antitubulin Fungicide for Control of Oomycete Pathogens

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach

Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach

[Retracted] Effective Remediation Strategy for Xenobiotic Zoxamide by Pure Bacterial Strains, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Nanoparticles and Chemical Inducers: A Sustainable Shield against Onion White Rot

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