Funktionswortentlehnung in Mesoamerika Spanisch-amerindischer Sprachkontakt (Hispanoindiana II)

Grammatical borrowing from Spanish/Portuguese in some native languages of Latin America

“…Subordinators are also frequently borrowed as MAT in these contact situations. The data confirm the observation by Stolz & Stolz (1996) that elements from a certain category are often borrowed, though these elements are not necessarily the same in all languages. For example in my sample,…”

“…The contact phenomena found in these languages are very similar when compared, in particular with respect to the categories affected by language contact, though there are obvious differences regarding factors such as size of the group, length of contact, language attitudes and education. In their analysis of the linguistic outcomes of language contact, Stolz & Stolz (1996;1997) find that the same types of Spanish loans appear in the indigenous languages of Central America (1996), as well as in other languages in contact with Spanish as a dominant language (1997), in particular function words (Stolz 2007: 23). These are elements of a particle-like nature that can easily be integrated directly into the indigenous language.…”

“…For example, subordinating conjunctions are frequently borrowed, but some language may use one token, e.g. porque "because", while another language will use another one such as para que "so that" (Stolz & Stolz 1996).…”

Three processes of borrowing: borrowability revisited

“…Suarez (1983:135) writes in his survey work on the M esoam erican languages: "The m ost obvious m anifestation o f the im pact o f Spanish is in the grammatical patterns o f indigenous languages, and the extent o f this type o f borrow ing runs counter to the traditional view that gram m atical w ords are seldom borrow ed." A general treatm ent o f Spanish borrow ed function words is given in Stolz and Stolz (1994).…”

Language contact and variation patterns in Walser German subordination

“…Such effects involve mainly direct borrowing of connective words, which might cause the corresponding syntactic structure to be carried over with them, thus resulting in different syntactic types to be added to the borrowing system. 1 Besides, borrowed particles and conjunctions may undergo complex processes of grammatical integration into the borrowing language, as discussed in Stolz & Stolz (1996) on the basis of a large variety of MesoAmerican languages in contact with Spanish. A further possibility is calquing the full range of func tions of a connective in the model language onto a function word that is already present in the system, with which bilingual speakers establish a direct correspon dence.…”