Furfuryl alcohol functionalized graphene nanosheets for synthesis of high carbon yield novolak composites

Abstract

Graphene oxide and furfuryl alcohol modified graphene nanosheets (G-FA) were used to prepare graphene/novolak composites. Effect of graphene compatibilization on the properties of the composites especially carbon yield value is evaluated. Both types of graphene nanosheets were dispersed uniquely in the novolak matrix as proved by X-ray diffraction analysis. However, modification of graphene sheets by furfuryl alcohol results in more improved dispersions. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms the elevated thermal stability of the nanocomposites in comparison with the neat novolak. In addition, G-FA containing composites have higher carbon yield values. A shift in the wave number of characteristic bonds of graphene after oxidation and modification with furfuryl alcohol, OAH, C@O, and CAO bonds, are seen in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. Raman results and scanning electron microscopy images show that graphene nanosheets reduced in size and wrinkled by oxidation and functionalization. Transmission electron microscopy image of the composite with 0.2 wt % of G-FA reveals the presence of nanosheets with curvature. V C 2013Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40273.

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes by furfuryl alcohol moieties for preparation of novolac phenolic resin composites with high carbon yield values

“…A 5.2 % increase of carbon yield value was reported by the addition of only 1 wt.% of CNT to a boron-containing phenolic resin [12]. In the case of graphene layers, we reached to the carbon yield value of about 60.55 and 62.09 % by the addition of only 0.4 wt.% of GO and FA-modified GO, respectively [9]. Therefore, increase of char value of the neat novolac resin by 6.8 % was observed by the addition of 0.4 wt.% of FA-modified GO.…”

“…These peaks are widely attributed to sp 3 -and sp 2 -hybridized carbons on the sidewall, respectively [35]. Raman intensity varies commonly upon the conversion of some of sp 2 -and sp 3 -hybridized carbons as a result of the covalent bonding [9,36]. Raman spectra show that the intensity ratio of D and G band increases by the modification of CNT, which is an indication of FA covalent modification.…”

“…Functionalization of CNTCOOH by FA to obtain CNTFA CNTFA with FA functional groups was prepared from the source of CNTCOOH by an esterification reaction using the method reported previously [9]. Accordingly, CNTCOOH (2.0 g) and ethanol (120 mL) were stirred in a flask for 24 h, and then ultrasonically agitated for 30 min.…”

“…Phenolic resins are structurally modified with boron, molybdenum, and phosphorous compounds [4][5][6][7][8]. In addition, graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) are two main carbon additives for phenolic resins [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Incorporation of epoxy resin and carbon nanotube into silica/siloxane network for improving thermal properties

“…In the spectrum of HDBTMSPU, the peak at 3338 cm -1 is assigned to the stretching vibration of secondary amide units. The peaks at 2936 and 2848 cm -1 are related to asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration of CH 2 units, respectively [44,45]. Carbonyl peak at 1621 cm -1 and bending mode of N-H at 1571 cm -1 were also observed.…”