Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M.

Milner, Brenda; Corkin, Suzanne; Teuber, Hans‐Lukas

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(68)90021-3

Cited by 1,126 publications

(525 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

488

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Several investigators informally assessed patients' knowledge of spatial environments from their recent and distant pasts by having them sketch floor plans of their homes and navigate through surrounding neighbourhoods. The results showed far greater sparing of remote spatial memories than of recent ones [4,39,100]. In general, these reports have been corroborated by more systematic investigation, but with some important qualifications.…”

Section: Spatial Memorysupporting

confidence: 53%

See 1 more Smart Citation

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Rosenbaum

Winocur

Moscovitch

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

141

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Evidence of temporally graded retrograde amnesia (RA) following hippocampal damage has fuelled the long-standing belief that memory undergoes a consolidation process, whereby memories are progressively modified in neocortical regions until they are independent of the hippocampal (HPC) complex. Support for this position derives from both the animal and human RA literature, although the results are not consistent. Specifically, consolidation theory does not account for loss of episodic (detail) information in humans and context-dependent information in animals, which often extend back for much of the life span. We discuss an alternative approach, the Multiple Trace Theory, which suggests that the HPC complex contributes to the retrieval of recent and remote episodic and context-dependent memories. According to this view, such memory traces are represented as spatially distributed interactions between the HPC and neocortex that persist for as long as those memories exist. On the other hand, semantic, or context-free, memories can become independent of the HPC as consolidation theory predicts. In support of this view, we report recent accounts of relatively flat RA gradients in autobiographical and spatial detail loss in patients and animal models with extensive bilateral HPC lesions. By comparison, temporally graded RA was observed in tests of semantic and context-free memory. We also report neuroimaging studies in which hippocampal activity, elicited during recollection of autobiographical memories, did not distinguish recent from remote episodes. Our discussion suggests ways to reconcile discrepancies in the literature and guide predictions of the occurrence of flat versus temporally limited gradients of remote episodic and semantic memory loss following lesions to HPC.

show abstract

Section: Spatial Memorysupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Likewise, various types of premorbid memories appear to be well retained except for a short period of retrograde amnesia (RA) for events immediately preceding the onset of the lesion (e.g. [39,40,74]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Rosenbaum

Winocur

Moscovitch

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

141

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, they can hold normal conversations, but cannot remember facts across conversations [33,117,197]. In the initial analysis of their temporal-lobe-lesioned patients (including H.M. and other patients), Scoville and Milner [198] noted that these patients could remember a three-figure number, but they forgot it the instant attention was diverted.…”

Section: Slipping Out Of Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…they produce graded retrograde amnesia) [33,182,211]. Because H.M. showed what appeared to be graded retrograde amnesia [117,197], and because H.M. was thought to have a hippocampal lesion ( [198], but see [37]), it was thought that hippocampal lesions produced graded retrograde amnesia [33,143,180,211]. The general hypothesis has been that hippocampus stores memories quickly and then replays them for permanent storage in cortex [24,103,104,215].…”

Section: Appendix a Memory Replay And Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hippocampal debate: are we asking the right questions?

Redish

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For years, the debate has been: 'Is the hippocampus the cognitive map?' or 'Is the hippocampus the core of memory?' These two hypotheses derived their original power from two key experiments-the cognitive map theory from the remarkable spatial correlates seen in recordings of hippocampal pyramidal cells and the memory theory from the profound amnesias seen in the patient H.M. Both of these key experiments have been reinterpreted over the years: hippocampal cells are correlated with much more than place and H.M. is missing much more than just his hippocampus. However, both theories are still debated today. The hippocampus clearly plays a role in both navigation and memory processing. The question that must be addressed is rather: 'What is the role played by the hippocampus in the navigation and memory systems?' By looking at the navigation system as a whole, one can identify the major role played by the hippocampus as correcting for accumulation errors that occur within idiothetic navigation systems. This is most clearly experimentally evident as reorientation when an animal is lost. Carrying this over to a more general process, this becomes a role of recalling a context, bridging a contextual gap, or, in other words, it becomes a form of recognition memory. I will review recent experimental data which seems to support this theory over the more general spatial or memory theories traditionally applied to hippocampus.

show abstract

“…The existence of implicit memory was repeatedly shown in several studies with amnesic patients and patients with face recognition deficits (44,45). The amnesic syndrome, in which patients have severe deficits of explicit memory but relative preservation of implicit memory, is seen when the medial temporal lobes and diencephalon are damaged (46,47), suggesting that these areas are not crucial for implicit memory. This notion is supported by our findings as well as by imaging studies (48 -50).…”

Section: Implicit Memory Of Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracranial Neurophysiological Correlates Related to the Processing of Faces

Seeck¹,

Michel²,

Blanke³

et al. 2001

Epilepsy & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Face perception and recognition is an intriguing ability, already present in neonates. Numerous studies in patients with brain lesions identified the temporo-occipital cortex as the crucial structure for this capacity. Analysis of electrical signals (EEG) inside the brain of patients implanted with intracranial electrodes for diagnostic purposes allows researchers to describe the temporal and spatial organization of responses to various aspects of face processing in human subjects. Several findings have emerged and appear relevant for cerebral organization in general: (1) Selective face responses were obtained from the basal temporo-occipital cortex at around 200 ms (N200); however, other structures such as the lateral temporal lobe and frontal cortex also participate in face recognition and perception tasks. (2) Each structure has a distinct "response profile"; that is, with respect to a given task certain structures respond strongly, others less or not at all. This profile might change with a different task, although the physical parameters of the stimuli remain the same. (3) The right hemispheric predominance of face processing, as suggested by patient data and studies in healthy volunteers, seemed to be restricted to its early stages (i.e., before 100 -150 ms). (4) Recognition of faces might be associated with differential intracranial responses, despite an incorrect overt response, reflecting neurophysiological correlates of implicit memory. (5) The more the stimulus resembled a complete human face, the earlier and larger the N200 response was found, in particular over the basal temporobasal cortex. Analysis of electrical signals from intracranial electrodes might help to improve our understanding of the underlying physiological and anatomical constraints of cognitive processes.

show abstract

Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H.M.

Cited by 1,126 publications

References 28 publications

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

The hippocampal debate: are we asking the right questions?

Intracranial Neurophysiological Correlates Related to the Processing of Faces

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About