Further Assessment of Gender- and Blink Pattern-Related Differences in the Spontaneous Eyeblink Activity in Primary Gaze in Young Adult Humans

Doughty, Michael J.

doi:10.1097/00006324-200207000-00013

Cited by 108 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The present sample did contain more female than male infants with faster rates of SB. However, previous work with infants has not shown sex differences in resting SB rate (Bacher & Smotherman, 2004a;Zametkin, Stevens, & Pittman, 1979), but some studies of adults have found task-related sex differences in SB (Bentivoglio et al, 1997;Doughty, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sensitivity of the rate of spontaneous eye blinking to type of stimuli in young infants

Bacher

Allen

2008

Developmental Psychobiology

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Although progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of spontaneous eye blinking (SB), few reports focus on the ontogeny of SB. The purpose of the present work was to investigate SB in infants by attempting to manipulate SB and examine potential correlates of SB. Fifty-two infants were observed in a quiet baseline condition then presented with either moving stimuli or a social stimulus. SB, eye movement, body movement and various background variables were measured. Results demonstrate that SB can be manipulated and that SB rate is differentially sensitive to the type of stimulus presented. Eye and body movements did not systematically relate to the rate of SB. Implications for mechanisms of SB regulation are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sensitivity of the rate of spontaneous eye blinking to type of stimuli in young infants

Bacher

Allen

2008

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Controversial evidence exists in the literature about blink parameter differences between males and females, [24][25][26] with some authors describing a possible link between SEBR sex differences and hormone-related factors such as use of estroprogestinics or phase of the ovarian cycle, both of which may affect blinking on the one hand and tear production on the other. The present findings give support to the existence of sex differences, although further research with two groups of OSDI-matched males and females is required to investigate whether these differences have an ocular surface or central origin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results were compared with those obtained while subjects were observing in silence a landscape picture on the median plane at 2 m. In addition, given the documented-albeit still controversial-influence of age and sex on SEBR, which some authors have associated with the higher prevalence of dry eye in the elderly population and in females, [22][23][24][25][26] the relationship between these predictor variables and blink parameters was investigated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Blink Rate and Incomplete Blinks in Six Different Controlled Hard-Copy and Electronic Reading Conditions

Argilés

Cardona

Pérez‐Cabré

et al. 2015

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

116

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PURPOSE. To evaluate spontaneous eye blink rate (SEBR) and percentage of incomplete blinks in different hard-copy and visual display terminal (VDT) reading conditions, compared with baseline conditions. METHODS.A sample of 50 participants (29 females, age range, 18-74 years) were recruited for this study. All participants had good ocular health and reported no symptoms of dry eye (OSDI score < 15). Face video recordings were captured while participants observed in silence a landscape picture at 2 m (baseline) and during six different, 6-minute controlled reading experimental conditions. Texts were presented in electronic (tablet and computer display at 100% and 330% zoom levels) and hard-copy (text in book position in silence and aloud and text pasted on the computer display) formats. Video analysis was subsequently conducted to assess blink parameters.RESULTS. All reading conditions resulted in a decrease in SEBR when compared with baseline conditions (all P < 0.001), with the least negative impact corresponding to reading in a 330% expanded display. The percentage of incomplete blinks was found to increase when reading was conducted on an electronic platform, in contrast to hard-copy text.CONCLUSIONS. The high cognitive demands associated with a reading task led to a reduction in SEBR, irrespective of type of reading platform. However, only electronic reading resulted in an increase in the percentage of incomplete blinks, which may account for the symptoms experienced by VDT users.Keywords: blinking amplitude, saccades, spontaneous eye blink rate, reading task OBJETIVOS. Evaluar la frecuencia espontánea de parpadeo (FEP) y el porcentaje de parpadeos incompletos en diferentes condiciones de lectura, incluyendo texto en papel y en terminales de visualización de datos (TVD), en comparación con condiciones baseline.MÉTODOS. Una muestra de 50 participantes (29 mujeres, edades entre 18 y 74 años) fue reclutada. Todos los participantes tenían buena salud ocular y no presentaban síntomas de ojo seco (OSDI < 15). Se capturaron vídeos mientras los participantes observaban en silencio una imagen situada a 2 metros (baseline), y en seis diferentes condiciones controladas de lectura (durante 6 minutos). Los textos se presentaron en formato electrónico (tableta, pantalla con un nivel de zoom de 100% y de 330%) y papel (libro en silencio y en voz alta y texto pegado encima de la pantalla). Posteriormente, se analizaron los vídeos para evaluar los parámetros del parpadeo.RESULTADOS. Todas las condiciones de lectura provocaron una disminución de la FEP al compararlas con el baseline (todas las P < 0.001), siendo el impacto menos negativo en el caso de la pantalla expandida a 330%. El porcentaje de parpadeos incompletos aumentó durante la lectura electrónica, en comparación con papel.CONCLUSIONES. La demanda cognitiva asociada a la lectura origina una disminución en FEP en todas las plataformas de lectura. Sin embargo, sólo la lectura electrónica ocasiona un aumento del porcentaje de parpadeo incompleto, lo que puede explicar l...

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“…In the above table, increases in SEBR are observed from reading (lowest) through normal gaze to conversation (highest) that would correlate broadly with expected physical behaviour of the eye for each activity. In addition, Doughty [33] distinguishes inter-eyeblink interval (IEBI) between normal (regular interval between blinks), I-type (random) and J-Type (mainly short with occasional longer intervals) and provides suggested values for all quantities ( Table 2 shows, a broad inverse correlation exists between SEBR and IEBI (as would be expected). Although Doughty indicates no absolute values can be taken from this study, a broad indication of SEBR increase depending on task (reading/gazing/conversation) and inverse variation between SEBR and IEBI depending on interval type (I-type/Jtype/normal) can be made.…”

Section: Eyeblinksmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prominence Driven Character Animation

Cullen¹,

McGloin²,

Deegan³

et al. 2010

2010 Conference on Visual Media Production

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Further Assessment of Gender- and Blink Pattern-Related Differences in the Spontaneous Eyeblink Activity in Primary Gaze in Young Adult Humans

Cited by 108 publications

References 20 publications

Sensitivity of the rate of spontaneous eye blinking to type of stimuli in young infants

Sensitivity of the rate of spontaneous eye blinking to type of stimuli in young infants

Blink Rate and Incomplete Blinks in Six Different Controlled Hard-Copy and Electronic Reading Conditions

Prominence Driven Character Animation

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