Further investigation of simultaneous fresh water production and power generation concept by permeate gap membrane distillation system

A 2-D model of electrodialysis stacks including the effects of membrane deformation

“…In permeate gap membrane distillation with simultaneous fresh water and energy production, the performance of a unit using two different membranes was investigated adopting an assembled package layers of diamond shape mesh plastic spacer and stainless steel woven mesh with 0.154 mm aperture [23]. The membranes tested could only withstand pressures lower than 200 kPa and the system produced a much lower power density than that theoretically predicted.…”

“…(28)(29)(30)(31) In order to couple Eqs. (28)(29)(30)(31) and (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), thus determining the steady-state distributions of all variables for a chosen ED stack configuration, an iterative procedure is employed. In particular, the algorithm can be divided into four main steps: I.…”

A Critical Review of Membrane Wettability in Membrane Distillation from the Perspective of Interfacial Interactions

“…DCMD is the simplest and most studied configuration, while AGMD appears to be less susceptible to wetting because the membrane is not in contact with liquid on the permeate side . Recently, some modified or novel MD configurations have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency, such as pressure-retarded MD, permeate gap MD, material gap MD, conductive gap MD, and photothermal MD . Moreover, flash-feed VMD system, multistage and multieffect MD configurations, and MD hybrids in combination with various separation processes have also been proposed.…”

Stack Thermo-Osmotic System for Low-Grade Thermal Energy Conversion

“…The global energy consumption still mainly relies on fossil fuels, a practice that is polluting and unsustainable. Low-grade thermal energy (below 80 °C) is widely distributed in solar, geothermal, and industrial activities. , So, it is very urgent and valuable to develop clean, cheap, efficient, convenient, and practical methods to convert low-grade heat into power. − Thermo-osmosis is a mass-transfer phenomenon across a membrane, driven by a transmembrane temperature difference, and proceeding with an enthalpy change of working media. − Thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) is a newly developed heat conversion method based on the thermo-osmosis process across a hydrophobic nanoporous membrane. − TOEC has advantages including efficient, cheap, clean, easy to scale, and compatible with low-temperature sources . TOEC was developed from the traditional membrane distillation devices, and it obtains power from the hydraulic pressure energy of the condensation liquid, so it is also called pressure-retarded membrane distillation. , By a theory calculation, a TOEC system with an ideal heat regenerator can have an attractive efficiency of 4.1% for a 60 °C heat source, which is equivalent to 34% of the Carnot efficiency …”