Further Studies Concerning the Effect of Alfalfa Ash Upon the Utilization of Low-Quality Roughages by Ruminant Animals

Ward, John; Tefft, C. W.; Sirny, R. J.; Edwards, H. N.; Tillman, A. D.

doi:10.1093/ansci/16.3.633

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, extensive use of fat in ruminant diets has been limited because of the inhibitory effects of fatty acids on ruminal microbial metabolism Jenkins 1980, Merchen et al 1997). Apparent total tract digestibilities of fibre components decrease by supplementation of fats, particularly when large amounts of highly unsaturated vegetable oils (Ward et al 1957), oilseeds (Drackley et al 1985) or unsaturated animal fats, such as yellow grease (Jenkins and Jenny 1989), are fed. According to Doreau and Chillard (1997), dietary supplementation with fat, especially polyunsaturated fats, of more than 50 g added fat kg -1 concentrates, has an increasingly adverse effect on ruminal digestion of fibre.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of replacing different proportions of barley grain by barley fibre on performance of dairy bulls

Huuskonen¹,

Khalili²,

Joki‐Tokola³

2008

AFSci

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The objective of the present experiment was to study the effects of partial replacement of barley grain with barley fibre (BF) on animal performance, carcass traits and diet digestibility of growing dairy bulls. The feeding experiment comprised 20 Finnish Ayrshire bulls and 12 Holstein-Friesian bulls, and four treatments (8 bulls per treatment). There were four diets with two offered at stage 1 (from the initiation of the study to 450 kg live weight) and four at stage 2 (from 450 kg live weight to slaughter). The control diet (BF0) included grass silage (460 g kg -1 dry matter) and barley grain (540), BF25 diet included grass silage (460), barley grain (405) and BF (135), BF50 diet included grass silage (460), barley grain (270) and BF (270), and BF75 diet included grass silage (460), barley grain (135) and BF (405). At stage 1 there were only two treatments (BF0 and BF50) and at stage 2, all four treatments were included. All bulls were fed total mixed ration ad libitum. The mean initial live weight of the bulls was 261 kg and the mean final live weight 650 kg. At stage 1 there were no significant treatment differences in dry matter, energy or protein intakes or in live weight gain. At stage 2, replacing barley grain with BF led to a linear decrease of daily live weight gain (P < 0.05) and a linearly reduced feed conversion (kg dry matter kg -1 live weight gain) (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of the organic matter and neutral detergent fibre decreased linearly with increasing BF supplementation (P < 0.001). The dressing proportion and the carcass fat score decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with partial replacement of barley grain with BF. On carcass conformation, treatment had a significant (P < 0.05) quadratic effect: the BF25 and BF50 diets were classified highest. The results indicate that 50% of barley starch can be replaced with BF without affecting growth, but feed efficiency factors may decrease when barley starch is replaced with BF. At 75% replacement, feed intake was reduced, which resulted in a lower energy intake and reduced level of performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of replacing different proportions of barley grain by barley fibre on performance of dairy bulls

Huuskonen¹,

Khalili²,

Joki‐Tokola³

2008

AFSci

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“…The inhibitory effect of dietary oils on fibre degradation has been attributed to either a coating of fibrous particles with fat (Ward et al 1957) or an inhibitory physicochemical interaction between free fatty acids and bacteria (Galbraith et al 1971). Since the former theory would require a general inhibition of fibre digestibility to be observed, the study of McAllan et al (1983), in which ruminal digestion coefficients of different structural sugars were not affected equally by dietary oils, favours the idea of direct bactericidal effects.…”

Section: Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fish oil and monensin on milk composition in dairy cows

Cant¹,

Fredeen²,

MacIntyre³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Cant, J. P., Fredeen, A. H., MacIntyre, T. Gunn, J. and Crowe, N. 1997. Effect of fish oil and monensin on milk composition in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 125-131. Four primparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d periods to determine the effect of redfish oil and monensin sodium on milk composition. The four dietary treatments were a basal diet (control), the basal diet plus 14.5 mg monensin kg -1 dietary dry matter (M), 2% fish oil (FO), and a combination of fish oil and monensin (FO + M). Total DM intake, measured during the last week of each period was reduced on the two fish oil treatments but an interaction with monensin depressed intakes further. An additive inhibition of rumen fibre degradation is discussed. Differences in yields of milk and lactose were not shown to be significant among treatments. Milk fat content was reduced 29.8% by fish oil supplementation and protein content dropped 5.3%. Protein:fat ratios increased from 0.78 on the control ration to 1.08 on the fish oil treatments. Monensin, on the other hand, only caused a change in milk fat percentage, and that by a 7.5% decline. Fish oil increased the concentrations of 20-and 22-carbon fatty acids in milk, including the n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids which were transferred at 9.3 and 16.2% efficiency from the diet, respectively. Monensin had no effect on milk fatty acid profile. The fish-oil-by-monensin interaction produced the poorest energy intakes and rates of energy deposition into milk. Milk fat consumption has been declining relative to that of protein. This is a major factor that has led to the adoption of milk component pricing systems and quotas based on production of milk fat. With the present quota system and value of milk components, profits for dairy farmers may be increased when the protein-to-fat ratio in milk is elevated above the current average of 0.85. Dietary modification shows the most promise as a management strategy to change milk composition in the short term.Added fat in a dairy ration has previously been shown to significantly reduce milk fat percentage (Nicholson and Sutton 1971;Brumby et al. 1972;Storry et al. 1974) and, although a decrease in milk protein percentage often accompanies the feeding of dietary lipid, protein yields are frequently improved (Sutton 1989;Coppock and Wilks 1991;DePeters and Cant 1992). Fish oil is a locally available fat supplement and is an excellent source of the n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C 20:5 (n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C 22:6 (n-3) . These fatty acids have been shown to impart health benefits to adult humans (Burr 1989) and are essential for normal development and function of the retina and nervous system (Sardesai 1992). There is considerable interest in providing natural sources of these fatty acids in the human diet. Enriching milk with n-3 fatty acids would

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“…One theory, that of Brooks, Garner, Gehrke, Muhrer and Pfander (1954) ;Ward, Tefft, Sirny, Edwards and Tillman (1957) and Pfander and Verma (1957), is that the effect is due to a coating of the fibrous portion of the diet with lipids thereby preventing attack by micro-organisms. One theory, that of Brooks, Garner, Gehrke, Muhrer and Pfander (1954) ;Ward, Tefft, Sirny, Edwards and Tillman (1957) and Pfander and Verma (1957), is that the effect is due to a coating of the fibrous portion of the diet with lipids thereby preventing attack by micro-organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interaction between dietary lipids and fibre in the sheep 2. Digestibility studies

1974

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Digestibility studies were carried out to establish the inter-relationship between crude fibre and total lipid digestibility in the presence of added calcium or non-ionic detergents. Three levels of calcium, corresponding to daily intakes of 2-3, 4-8 and 22-9 g per sheep, were used in a predominantly ground barley diet (65 to 73 %) to which was added 8 % beef tallow or maize oil. Two non-ionic detergents were used at 0-1 % of the diet: nonyl phenol ethylene oxide and fatty alcohol combined with 3 molecules of ethylene oxide. With a daily intake of 2-3 or 4-8 g calcium per sheep, supplementation with fat resulted in a reduced fibre digestibility. When the intake was increased to 22-9 g, there was a significant improvement (P<005) only for the maize-oil-supplemented diet. Increasing calcium intake, associated with increased calcium digestibility, significantly (P<0-05) depressed total lipid digestibility. Intake of 4-8 g calcium per day was associated with the highest calcium digestibility of 33% digestibility units and the total lipid digestibility of 94%. Maize oil was better digested than beef tallow with the lower level of calcium; the position was reversed with the higher level of calcium supplementation. No advantages were found for crude fibre and total lipid digestibility when detergents were added. A possible mechanism by which the physical wetting of dietary lipids causes decreased digestibility of the fibre component is discussed.

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Further Studies Concerning the Effect of Alfalfa Ash Upon the Utilization of Low-Quality Roughages by Ruminant Animals

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of replacing different proportions of barley grain by barley fibre on performance of dairy bulls

Effects of replacing different proportions of barley grain by barley fibre on performance of dairy bulls

Effect of fish oil and monensin on milk composition in dairy cows

The interaction between dietary lipids and fibre in the sheep 2. Digestibility studies

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