Further Studies of Methyl Bromide as an Insect Fumigant*

Shepard, Harold H.; Buzicky, A. W.

doi:10.1093/jee/32.6.854

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The lack of any significant changes in semolina dough characteristics would help explain why key features of bread quality, such as loaf volume, were not affected. The results of this study were in line with results of other studies in wheat (Shepard and Buzicky 1939;Hermitte and Shellenberger 1947;Matthews et al 1970;Orth et al 1977). Applying commercial dosages of methyl bromide directly as a fumigant to wheat and flour did not change the baked bread characteristics either when the flour was milled from fumigated grain or the flour fumigated directly was used.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Furthermore, fumigating rice, corn, and wheat with phosphine also did not affect germination (Lindgren et al 1958;Cogburn and Tilton 1963;Bakheit et al 1985;Krishnasamy and Seshu 1990). In regard to grain quality attributes, applying commercial doses of methyl bromide to wheat, wheat flour, or milled flour from fumigated wheat did not change bread baking characteristics (Shepard and Buzicky 1939;Hermitte and Shellenberger 1947;Matthews et al 1970;Orth et al 1977). However, applying methyl bromide with dosages higher than commercial levels increased dough resistance to extension, which resulted in a decreased loaf volume (Minett et al 1976).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition, applying fumigants during storage may affect the germination ability of the fumigated seed. In regard to grain quality attributes, applying commercial doses of methyl bromide to wheat, wheat flour, or milled flour from fumigated wheat did not change bread baking characteristics (Shepard and Buzicky 1939;Hermitte and Shellenberger 1947;Matthews et al 1970;Orth et al 1977). In contrast, other researchers reported no reduction in germination percentage when using methyl bromide on wheat (Lubatti and Blackith 1957;Whitney et al 1958;Orth et al 1977).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Fumigation of Durum Wheat and Semolina with Sulfuryl Fluoride Affect Quality of the Grain, Semolina, and Derived Spaghetti and Bread?

Hwaidi

Sissons

Pleming³

et al. 2016

Cereal Chem

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Cereal Chem. 93(5):482-486There is no information on the effect of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) on durum wheat technological properties and products made from fumigated durum wheat. Durum wheat and semolina were exposed to a range of SF applications under conditions that might be typically encountered in bulk storage facilities used in many countries. SF greatly reduced the germination percentage of fumigated durum wheat, with increasing impact under higher SF concentration, grain moisture content, and fumigation temperature. SF greatly reduced seed germination percentage, impacting more the higher the SF concentration. SF had little to no effect on grain test weight, 1,000-grain weight, hardness, protein content, semolina ash content, and mixograph properties. At the highest SF concentration (31.25 mg/L for 48 h) there was a tendency for pasta cooking loss to be increased but still acceptable, and other pasta properties were largely unaffected. Fumigation with SF did not have any impact on the baking properties of a wholemeal durum flour-commercial flour mix. Therefore, SF is not recommended if the grains are to be used as seeds for agricultural production, but for the production of semolina, pasta, and bread, SF used under typical fumigation conditions has little to no impact on technological properties of durum wheat.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Does Fumigation of Durum Wheat and Semolina with Sulfuryl Fluoride Affect Quality of the Grain, Semolina, and Derived Spaghetti and Bread?

Hwaidi

Sissons

Pleming³

et al. 2016

Cereal Chem

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“…Fumigated and control eggs stored at 7 °C for 5 days showed similar delays to mortality, probably because M. domestica eggs have low tolerance to cool temperatures (Leopold 2000 ), so the relationship we observed could reverse at even cooler storage temperatures. A similar effect occurred with a tenebrionid beetle because its median lethal methyl bromide dose increased as temperature declined to 10 °C, then decreased again between 10 and 0 °C, presumably due to the additional lethal effect of cold temperature (Shepard and Buzick 1939 ). The reversal might also happen at high storage temperatures; Armstrong and Whitehand ( 2005 ) found that fumigation efficacy against two tephritid flies increased from 15 to 25 °C, then declined at higher temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

et al. 2014

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Live organisms intercepted from treated commodities during phytosanitary inspections usually arouse suspicions of treatment failure, sub-standard treatment application, or post-treatment infestation. The additional possibility that some treatments could kill slowly, meaning commodities might be inspected before pests have succumbed, is seldom considered for treatments other than irradiation. We used a novel biochemical viability assay to measure delays between methyl bromide fumigation and mortality of dipteran eggs, and evaluated the correspondence between egg viability and egg morphological features. Our experimental conditions simulated shipping of rock melons from Australia to New Zealand by sea and air. No eggs survived fumigation, but they took 3–20 days to die, whereas phytosanitary inspections of rock melons occur within 2–7 days. Delays were not influenced by methyl bromide concentration, but were significantly lengthened by cooler storage temperatures. Methyl bromide’s preservative effects delayed degradation of egg morphology, so the biochemical assay detected mortality long before morphological signs of egg death appeared. The results show that commodities subjected to effective methyl bromide treatments are at risk of being inspected before all pests have either died, or started to exhibit morphological signs of death. This could cause commodities to be unnecessarily rejected by quarantine authorities. Better methods than inspection for live pests are needed to assist authorities to gain assurance that treated commodities have been effectively disinfested. These could be developed by exploiting biochemical responses of pests and commodities to treatments.

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“…On the other hand, the toxicity of ethylene oxide decreases very markedly at low temperatures (Peters, 1936, p. 71). A comparison of the toxicities of methyl bromide to T. confusurn and to Sitophilus granarius shows the former to be most resistant at about 10°, but the resistance of the latter insect suddenly increases below this temperature and relatively enormous concentrations are needed at 0° (Shepard and Buzicky, 1939).…”

Section: Penetration Of the Integumentmentioning

confidence: 99%