Further studies on amitraz as a veterinary acaricide

Abstract

Recent research on the control of animal ectoparasites with amitraz is summarised and reference made to its expellent action. Tickicides are an essential requirement for the rearing of cattle in tropical and sub‐tropical regions. The use of amitraz in these areas is well documented. More recently advantage has been taken of its broad acaricidal and insecticidal spectrum to develop the compound for use against lice, keds and, in particular, mites parasitic on farm animals. The outstanding miticidal activity of amitraz has been shown to extend to demodectic mange on dogs. Field trials in Central Europe and the Mediterranean region are used to illustrate the problem of animal pest control within the limits imposed by established farm practices. Finally, mention is made of some attempts to utilise the pesticidal properties of amitraz in less conventional ways, including pasture spraying for the control of ticks.

Molecular biology of amitraz resistance in cattle ticks of the genus i Rhipicephalus i

“…Amitraz has been widely used as an acaricide since its discovery and reporting in 1972 by the Boots Company (1). Although pour-on products with amitraz have been developed for Sarcoptes mites affecting pigs, in cattle it is formulated for use as an aqueous dip or spray, at a concentration of 0.2.5 g/l (2). Although soluble in most organic solvents, it is not soluble in water, which leads to some challenges with formulation.…”

Laboratory Evaluation of Bigshot Maxim, Repelcare, and Clove Essential Oil, Syzygium Aromaticum Against the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma Americanum

“…Ticks have shown to display various reactions against chemical products, such as the 'hot foot' effect, anti-attachment, or disruption of attachment (Halos et al 2012;Eisen et al 2017a). Examples of these include ticks falling off soon after coming in contact with the product, lack of movement, and even the detachment of already attached ticks (Schreck et al 1978;Ian and Bryan 1981;Lane 1989;Dryden et al 2006).…”

Acaricidal activity of Egyptian crude plant extracts against Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks

“…In the pet industry, topical acaricides are commonly used for treatment [ 2 , 8 ]. Another successful approach is spraying grazing pasture with amitraz, although this method is less cost-effective than topical acaricides unless performed in small areas with high tick densities [ 9 ]. In a previous study, an in vitro feeding assay system using fipronil and ivermectin was established, whereas survival of Ixodes ricinus adult female ticks’ survival was monitored daily over 9 days through a silicone membrane on bovine blood treated with different doses of fipronil and ivermectin ranges from 0.001 to 10 μg/mL [ 10 ].…”