The purpose of this chapter is to investigate knowledge fusion processes with reference to context-aware decision support. Various knowledge fusion processes and their possible outcomes are analyzed. A context-aware decision support system for emergency management serves as a possible application in which knowledge fusion processes go on. This system provides fused outputs from different knowledge sources. It relies upon context model, which is the key to fuse information/knowledge and to generate useful decisions. The discussion is complemented by examples from a fire response scenario.Keywords Context-aware decision support Á Constraint-based ontology Á Information fusion model Á Knowledge fusion Á Emergency management Á Fire response
IntroductionInformation fusion deals with various forms of information integration (aggregation, union, merging, etc.) from multiple sources. Some time ago, sources of data and information (databases, sensors, etc.) [1] due to observed shortcomings. Currently, this model is the most popular among other information fusion models. Initially proposed for the military applications, now it is widely used in civil domains as well, such as business or medicine. The levels with the JDL/DFG model are: source pre-processing/subject assessment (level 0), object assessment (level 1), situation assessment (level 2), impact assessment/threat refinement (level 3), process refinement (level 4), and user refinement/cognitive refinement (level 5). Through its different levels, the model divides the fusion processes according to the different levels of abstraction of the data fused and the different problems the data fusion is applicable to (e.g., characteristic estimation vs. situation recognition and analysis). The model does not prescribe a strict ordering of the processes and the fusion levels, and the levels are not always discrete and may overlap. The JDL/DFG model is useful for visualizing the data fusion process, facilitating discussion and common understanding, and important for system-level information fusion design [2].Recently, research on information fusion extended the set of input sources with ontologies, text documents, the web, etc. That is, the focus of data and information fusion has changed to knowledge fusion.Information fusion and knowledge fusion are tightly related [3]. Referring to various perspectives on information fusion (e.g., [2,[4][5][6][7][8]), this technology is aimed at facilitation of situation awareness and improvement of decision making. The main result of information fusion is a new meaningful piece of information that is beneficial to decision making in less uncertainty, more preciseness, and/or more comprehensibility then the contributing parts [9][10][11].The objective of knowledge fusion is to integrate information and knowledge from multiple sources into some common knowledge that may be used for decision making and problem solving or may provide a better insight and understanding of the situation under consideration [12][13][14][15]. Knowledge f...