Fusion of driving and braking tire operational modes and analysis of traction dynamics and energy efficiency of a 4 × 4 loader

Patterson, Michael S.; Gray, Jeremy P.; Bortolin, Gianantonio; Vantsevich, Vladimir V.

doi:10.1016/j.jterra.2013.01.003

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Mechanical front-wheel drive provides four-byfour capabilities to tractors with different-sized front and rear wheels. The use of a four-wheel drive system offers a number of advantages over two-wheel drive, mainly because it improves the tractor's ability to work in soft and wet soil and to cross slippery and uneven terrain (Patterson et al 2013;Stoilov, Kostadinov 2009;Wong 2009). However, as noted by Molari et al (2012), Vantsevich (2007) and Żebrowski (2010) under certain circumstances, when the surface of soil is dry and hard, there is a tendency for a MFWD tractors to suffer a reduction of efficiency in power delivery as a result of the interaction between front and rear axles being less than optimal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the place where ballast weights are mounted and weight value, traction force can be increased by up to 15% (Janulevičius, Giedra 2008;Pranav, Pandey 2008). However, added weight increases the rolling resistance of the tires, so when weights are added, the effect on the rolling resistance should be taken into account (Patterson et al 2013;Stoilov, Kostadinov 2009;Taghavifar, Mardani 2013). This method also has another very important drawback -a danger always remains to compact the soil too much and damage its deep structure (much deeper than it is tilled), which can reduce soil productivity (Arvidsson, Keller 2007;Pranav, Pandey 2008;Taghavifar, Mardani 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modern four-wheel drive tractors often have a rigid drive connection between front and rear wheels. Contrary to the highway vehicles (Patterson et al 2013;Vantsevich 2008), agricultural tractor drivelines usually do not have any mechanism to compensate variations in effective wheel radiuses that depend on the load, tire elasticity, inflation pressure, tire type or wear (Molari et al 2012;Szente 2009;Żebrowski 2010). Tire radiuses have to be matched so that the front and rear axle speeds would produce the same ground speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependencies of the Lead of Front Driving Wheels on Different Tire Deformations for a MFWD Tractor

et al. 2015

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Tractors are the main machines in agricultural production processes. Agricultural tractors commonly employ a four-wheel drive transmission. To reach maximum efficiency in production works, tractors are loaded by as high thrust as possible. The consequence of it, quite often, is that the slippage of driving wheels grows to the limit that is not allowed. To reduce the slippage, various ways are pointed out in terramechanics. One way is to increase the tractor's weight by adding ballast. The other way is to increase the contact area between tires and the supporting surface. The slippage can be also reduced with traction control and other relevant systems. These methods, which help to reduce slippage, also affect tire deformation. When proportion of tires deformation is not the same as proportion of their sizes, the consequence is change of the lead of front wheels. In this paper analysis is presented, how the lead of front wheels affects the work of MFWD tractor in different conditions. Test results are presented for a MFWD tractor, how the lead of front wheels varies depending on deformation ratios between front and rear tires. For a MFWD tractor, values of deformation ratio between front and rear tires were determined, which ensured effective and which produced unreasonable values of lead of front wheels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependencies of the Lead of Front Driving Wheels on Different Tire Deformations for a MFWD Tractor

et al. 2015

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“…Subsequently, the final result is that the front wheels generate less braking torque and less braking force. Additional braking power losses occur in the transmission due to power circulation (Battiato, Diserens 2013;Patterson et al 2013); therefore, the increase of braking force of the rear wheels is lower than that of the reduction in the braking force of the front wheels. For the present case, the tractor braking power balance equation can be written down as follows:…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Inflation Pressure of the Tires on Lead of Front Drive Wheels and Movement Resistance Force of Tractors

Janulevičius

Gurevičius

2019

Transport

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The transmission of mechanical front-wheel drive tractors normally has a front axle lead ratio, which is equal to 1.5…2.5%. Naturally, when ballast masses are added to the tractor or when inflation pressure in the tires is reduced, distortion of the tires is inevitable, which changes the lead of the front wheels. In this paper, we present the impact of tire inflation pressures on the lead front drive wheels and movement resistance force when the tractor travelled with a front drive axle enabled and was engine braking with the fuel supply off. It was found that the variation in front and rear tires inflation pressure combination can significantly change the lead of the front drive wheels. For the tested tractor up to 6.9%. The result is that when the tractor travelled with the front axle enabled and was engine braking, the engine-braking efficiency decreases with increasing lead of the front wheels. Front (slipping) wheels create the opposite-direction torque, which is transferred to the rear wheels through the tractor’s front-rear axle drive system. Additional losses of the engine braking occur in transmission due to power circulation, and the result is that the tractor wheels receive less braking torque from the engine.

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“…22 Besides, motor torque control is also available in HEVs and results showed that the algorithm works effectively during take-off and acceleration by controlling motor torque. 23 In addition, active braking control 23 and differential control 24 also have been introduced to TCS. From the above analysis, we can see that previous studies have successfully applied TCS to traditional vehicle and HEV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traction control–integrated energy management strategy for all-wheel-drive plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Song

Zeng

et al. 2017

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is one of the potential candidates to tackle the stringent fuel economy standards. Many previous studies focus on optimal fuel economy by coordinating primary power source and assistant power source in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which usually neglects vehicle dynamic performance. All-wheel-drive plug-in hybrid electric vehicle has advantages both in fuel economy and dynamic performance. However, when all-wheel-drive plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is traveling on low cohesive roads, how to balance the conflict between traction performance and fuel economy undoubtedly will be the crucial problem. To address the issue, an integrated control strategy is proposed for all-wheel-drive plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in this article, namely, traction control system-integrated energy management strategy. A charge depletion/charge sustaining strategy is employed to realize the torque distribution mainly according to the engine optimal working region to achieve better fuel economy. Traction control system is integrated to prevent slipping of the wheels during starting and acceleration by applying engine throttle control, motor torque control, and active braking control, which improves the vehicle dynamic performance. The traction enhancement is beneficial to the improvement of fuel efficiency. By the co-simulation of MATLAB/Simulink and AMESim, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated control strategy, which increases the vehicle velocity greatly and optimizes fuel economy as well.

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Fusion of driving and braking tire operational modes and analysis of traction dynamics and energy efficiency of a 4 × 4 loader

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Dependencies of the Lead of Front Driving Wheels on Different Tire Deformations for a MFWD Tractor

Dependencies of the Lead of Front Driving Wheels on Different Tire Deformations for a MFWD Tractor

Impact of the Inflation Pressure of the Tires on Lead of Front Drive Wheels and Movement Resistance Force of Tractors

Traction control–integrated energy management strategy for all-wheel-drive plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

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