Fusion of Fiber-Optic and PCB Technologies for In-board Optical Interconnection

Survey on Unified Inter/Intrachip Optical Network for Chip Multiprocessors

“…This loss is 0.2 dB higher than the best data in our previous work [6],obtained from an active alignment of each component under a similar interconnection scheme. Considering that in this work all components are passively assembled, the loss of 1.5 Db near the best alignment data is a remarkable result.…”

“…Keith et al (2011) formulated that the Optical links have successfully displaced electrical links when their aggregated bandwidth-distance product exceeds∼100 Gb/s-m because their link energy per bit per unit distance is lower [6]. Optical links will continue to be adopted at distances of 1mand below if link power falls below 1 pJ/bit/m.…”

“…Today's VCSEL device has broad industry acceptance, in part due to its ability to be directly connected to electrical circuits at the chip and wafer levels and directly modulated at speeds in excess of 15 Gb/s [5][6][7][8][9] in the 25 Gb/s devices being actively pursued. Arrays of VCSELs have been bonded CMOS VLSI chips, with each VCSEL capable of up to 15 Gb/s modulation by the CMOS circuits it wide-pen eyes.…”

“…For intrachip communication, with silicon photonics being mature, optical links are suggested to replace long metal wires on chip [5][6][7][8].For optical interconnects, unlike electrical wires, the inter and intrachip channels can be interconnected seamlessly. Both on-chip and off-chip channels can be implemented with optical waveguides and they can be interconnected with passive couplers.…”

25-Gbaud 4-WDM Free-Space Optical Communication Using High-Speed 2-D Photodetector Array

“…Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2018.2881979 on short-distance communications in data centers, which realize new data center architecture with high data rates, compact and low power consumption using optical fibers, as well as optical interposers and optical boards [5], [6], which replace cable-based metal systems. Commercially available 100 Gbps (4λ × 25 Gbaud) transceivers have been utilized for data center and Ethernet communications applications [7], [8].…”